DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 30th July 2026 – Copy

Polity & Governance / Science & Technology

Why in News?

The NAKSHA (NAtional geospatial Knowledge-based land Survey of urban HAbitations) Project has gained attention as the Government accelerated its implementation and capacity-building efforts to modernise urban land records using advanced geospatial technologies under the Digital India Land Records Modernization Programme (DILRMP). 

Key Features

• Implemented by the Department of Land Resources (DoLR), Ministry of Rural Development. 
• A one-year pilot programme covering 157 Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) across 27 States and 3 Union Territories. 
• Objective: Create accurate, GIS-enabled urban land records to improve property ownership clarity, reduce disputes, strengthen urban planning, and facilitate transparent property taxation. 
• Uses aerial surveys, drones, GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System), orthorectified imagery, Web-GIS, and field surveys. 
• Technical partners include: 
  • Survey of India – aerial surveys and geospatial mapping. 
  • NICSI – data storage and IT support. 
  • MPSeDC – Web-GIS platform development. 
  • Five National Centres of Excellence – capacity building. 

UPSC Prelims Analysis

NAKSHA links Digital India, land governance, and geospatial technology. UPSC may ask about DILRMP, implementing agencies, GIS/GNSS applications, Survey of India, or the use of drones and geospatial mapping in governance. It also complements static topics such as land administration, urban governance, and e-governance initiatives.

Source/Reference:

https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2291638&reg=48&lang=1

Geography (World Geography) / Environment & Ecology

Why in News?

Crete Island, Greece’s largest island, was in the news after massive wildfires triggered by prolonged heatwaves, dry conditions, and strong winds forced the evacuation of thousands of residents and tourists. The incident highlights the increasing frequency of climate-induced disasters in the Mediterranean region.

Geographical Profile

• Crete is the largest and southernmost island of Greece, located in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. 
• It lies between the Aegean Sea (north) and the Libyan Sea (south), acting as a bridge between Europe, Asia, and Africa. 
• Capital: Heraklion. 
• Characterised by rugged mountains, including the White Mountains (Lefka Ori) and Mount Ida (Psiloritis), the highest peak on the island. 
• Experiences a Mediterranean climate—hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters. 

Environmental Significance

• Mediterranean ecosystems are highly vulnerable to wildfires due to dry summers, flammable vegetation, and seasonal winds. 
• Rising temperatures and prolonged droughts linked to climate change have increased the intensity and frequency of wildfires across Southern Europe. 
• Crete hosts rich biodiversity, olive groves, vineyards, and important tourism-based ecosystems. 

UPSC Prelims Analysis

Crete is important for map-based questions on the Mediterranean region, surrounding seas, and Greece’s physical geography. UPSC may link the current wildfire event with Mediterranean climate characteristics, climate change, forest fire ecology, and the geography of Southern Europe. It also offers scope for questions comparing Mediterranean vegetation, climatic regions, and disaster vulnerability.

Source/Reference:

https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/world/2026/Jul/30/thousands-evacuated-from-raging-crete-wildfire-official

Geography (Physical Geography) / Environment & Disaster Management

Why in News?

Cloudbursts were recently in focus following extreme rainfall events and flash floods in parts of the Himalayan region. The discussion has renewed attention on the scientific definition, causes, and increasing frequency of cloudbursts amid changing climate patterns. 

What is a Cloudburst?

• A cloudburst is a highly localized, extremely intense rainfall event, defined by the India Meteorological Department (IMD) as 10 cm (100 mm) or more rainfall within one hour over an area of roughly 10 km × 10 km. 
• It often results in flash floods, landslides, and debris flows, particularly in mountainous terrain. 

Causes & Characteristics

• Triggered by cumulonimbus clouds carrying large amounts of moisture. 
• Orographic lifting over mountains forces warm, moisture-laden air to rise rapidly, causing intense condensation. 
• Strong updrafts delay raindrop fall until clouds release enormous quantities of water within a short duration. 
• Common in the Himalayan region, Western Ghats, and other areas with steep topography. 

UPSC Prelims Analysis

Cloudbursts are a classic static–dynamic topic linking monsoon meteorology, orographic rainfall, and disaster management. UPSC may ask about the IMD definition, differences between heavy rainfall and cloudburst, associated landforms, or disaster-prone Himalayan regions. The phenomenon is also relevant in the context of climate change, which is increasing the intensity of short-duration extreme rainfall events. 

Source/Reference:

https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/when-is-heavy-rainfall-a-cloudburst-and-when-is-it-not-explained/article71280448.ece

International Relations / Geography / Environment

Why in News?

The Arctic Council was in the news after discussions on enhancing India’s role in Arctic governance, including recommendations for deeper engagement with the Council amid the Arctic’s growing geopolitical, environmental, and economic significance. 

About the Arctic Council

• Established in 1996 through the Ottawa Declaration. 
• It is a high-level intergovernmental forum for promoting cooperation on environmental protection, sustainable development, and scientific research in the Arctic. 
• Military security issues are excluded from its mandate. 
• Secretariat: Tromsø, Norway. 

Membership & Structure

• Eight Member States: Canada, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden, and the United States. 
• Includes Permanent Participants representing Arctic Indigenous communities. 
• Non-Arctic countries can participate as Observers without voting rights. 
• India became an Observer in 2013 and released its Arctic Policy (2022) focusing on science, climate, sustainable development, and international cooperation. 

UPSC Prelims Analysis

The Arctic Council is important for questions on international organisations, polar geography, and climate governance. UPSC may ask about its members, observer status, objectives, exclusion of defence issues, or link it with India’s Arctic Policy, Arctic shipping routes, melting sea ice, and global climate change. It also complements static topics such as the Arctic Ocean, polar regions, and international environmental cooperation. 

Source/Reference:

https://indianexpress.com/article/india/now-gen-alpha-bihar-school-students-march-4-km-over-lack-of-facilities-staff-face-salary-cut-10811220/

Polity & Governance / Economy

Why in News?

The Urban Challenge Fund (UCF) was recently in the news after the Union Government informed the Lok Sabha that 33 projects have been approved or accorded in-principle approval since the scheme became operational in April 2026. 

About the Urban Challenge Fund

• A Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) under the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA). 
• Approved to support transformative, bankable, and reform-oriented urban infrastructure projects through a competitive challenge-mode approach. 
• Operational Guidelines: Launched on 15 April 2026. 
• Central Assistance: ₹1 lakh crore over the mission period. 

Key Features

• Encourages leveraging private investment and innovative financing instead of relying solely on government grants. 
• Focuses on projects with high economic and social impact. 
• Supports three major verticals: 
  • Cities as Growth Hubs 
  • Creative Redevelopment of Cities 
  • Water and Sanitation infrastructure. 
• Incentivises reforms in urban planning, governance, and municipal finance. 

UPSC Prelims Analysis

UCF is important as it represents a shift from grant-based funding to performance-linked, market-oriented financing for urban infrastructure. UPSC may ask about its implementing ministry, objectives, funding pattern, challenge-mode selection, or comparison with schemes such as AMRUT and the Smart Cities Mission. The scheme also links with static topics like 74th Constitutional Amendment, Urban Local Bodies (ULBs), and sustainable urbanisation. 

Source/Reference:

https://theprint.in/india/33-projects-approved-under-urban-challenge-fund-lok-sabha-told/3001146/

Science & Technology / Defence & Internal Security

Why in News?

The Indian Navy received INS NIPUN, the country’s second indigenously built Diving Support Vessel (DSV), on 30 July 2026 at Visakhapatnam. Built by Hindustan Shipyard Limited (HSL), the vessel significantly enhances India’s underwater rescue and deep-sea operational capabilities under the Aatmanirbhar Bharat initiative. 

Key Features of INS NIPUN

• Type: Diving Support Vessel (DSV). 
• Builder: Hindustan Shipyard Limited (HSL), Visakhapatnam. 
• Designed in accordance with the Indian Register of Shipping (IRS) classification rules. 
• The Sanskrit word “Nipun” means skilled, proficient, or adept. 
• Equipped with: 
  • Deep Sea Saturation Diving System. 
  • State-of-the-art diving equipment. 
  • Side Diving Stage for underwater operations. 
  • Capability for deep-sea diving, underwater salvage, submarine rescue, and search-and-recovery missions. 
• Serves as a mother ship for the Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle (DSRV), strengthening submarine rescue capability. 
• Follows INS Nistar, the first indigenous DSV delivered to the Navy. 

UPSC Prelims Analysis

INS NIPUN is significant from the perspective of India’s maritime capability and defence indigenisation. UPSC may frame questions on the functions of a Diving Support Vessel, difference between DSVs and conventional warships, DSRV operations, HSL, or the role of the Indian Register of Shipping. It also links with static topics such as the Indian Navy’s command structure, submarine rescue systems, and indigenous defence manufacturing initiatives. 

Source/Reference:

https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2292073&reg=48&lang=1

Science & Technology / Health

Why in News?

The Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has advised people to monitor Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) levels as an early indicator of liver injury, highlighting the rising burden of liver diseases such as Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) and viral hepatitis. 

What is Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)?

• ALT, also known as Serum Glutamic-Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT), is an enzyme found predominantly in liver cells (hepatocytes). 
• It plays a crucial role in amino acid metabolism by catalysing the conversion of alanine to pyruvate. 
• Normally, only small amounts of ALT are present in the bloodstream. Damage to liver cells causes ALT to leak into the blood, making it an important biomarker of liver injury. 

Clinical Significance

• ALT is a key component of the Liver Function Test (LFT). 
• Elevated ALT levels may indicate: 
  • Fatty Liver Disease (MASLD) 
  • Viral Hepatitis (A, B, C, etc.) 
  • Alcohol-related liver disease 
  • Drug-induced liver injury 
  • Autoimmune liver disorders 
• Raised ALT alone does not confirm liver disease; further clinical evaluation and additional tests (e.g., AST, bilirubin, imaging) are necessary. 

UPSC Prelims Analysis

ALT is an important static–dynamic topic connecting human physiology, biochemistry, and public health. UPSC may ask about the function of ALT, its association with liver health, the difference between ALT and AST, or its role in diagnosing liver disorders. It also links with health programmes targeting non-communicable diseases and viral hepatitis control. 

Source/Reference:

https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/what-your-alt-level-can-reveal-about-liver-health/article71280346.ece

Science & Technology (Biology) / Health

Why in News?

The Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has advised the public to regularly monitor Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) levels as an early indicator of liver injury, amid the growing prevalence of fatty liver disease and other liver disorders. 

What is Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)?

• Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), also known as Serum Glutamic-Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT), is an enzyme found primarily in liver cells (hepatocytes). 
• It catalyses the conversion of alanine into pyruvate, playing a key role in amino acid metabolism and energy production. 
• Normally, only small quantities are present in the bloodstream. Damage to liver cells causes ALT to leak into the blood, making it a sensitive biomarker of liver injury. 

Clinical Significance

• ALT is a major component of the Liver Function Test (LFT). 
• Elevated ALT levels may indicate: 
  • Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) (formerly NAFLD) 
  • Viral Hepatitis (A, B, C, etc.) 
  • Alcohol-related liver disease 
  • Drug-induced liver injury 
  • Autoimmune liver disorders 
• Elevated ALT alone is not diagnostic; interpretation requires other tests such as AST, bilirubin, ALP, imaging, and clinical evaluation. 

UPSC Prelims Analysis

ALT is an important static–dynamic topic linking human physiology, clinical biochemistry, and public health. UPSC may ask about the function of ALT, its association with liver health, differences between ALT and AST, or diseases associated with elevated ALT levels. It can also be linked with questions on liver function, metabolism, and preventive healthcare. 

Source/Reference:

https://epaper.thehindu.com/ccidist-ws/th/th_delhi/issues/196920/OPS/G14GAVTS1.1+G3AGAVUS5.1.html

GS II – Governance / GS II – Social Justice
Public Health, Nutrition Security, and Affordable Healthcare

Introduction

The Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana (PMBJP), known for affordable medicines, has expanded its portfolio to include nutraceuticals—dietary supplements, herbal products, vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and protein supplements. This initiative addresses the growing health consciousness in India while tackling the affordability challenge faced by millions. The Jan Aushadhi nutraceutical basket offers products ranging from nutrition bars to disease-specific formulations, making quality nutritional support accessible across income groups. By providing affordable alternatives to expensive branded supplements through the Jan Aushadhi Kendra network, PMBJP is reinforcing its vision of “Quality Healthcare and Nutrition for All.”

The Jan Aushadhi Nutraceutical Portfolio

Convenient Nutrition for Active Lifestyles

• Jan Aushadhi Protein Bar & Immunity Bar: 35-gram chocolate-flavoured bars; portable, nutrient-dense; affordable alternative to junk food
• 100% Whey Protein Powder & Jan Aushadhi Protein Powder: Supports protein intake and muscle recovery; available in Vanilla and Kesar Pista flavours

Supporting Women’s Nutritional Needs

• Jan Aushadhi Women Protein Boost: Formulated for daily protein intake, energy, bone and muscle health; available in chocolate and vanilla; 250g pack at ₹204.66
• Objective: Make specialised nutrition affordable for women at different life stages

Nutrition for Specific Health Conditions

• Diabetes Care Protein Powder: Complements nutritional requirements for people living with diabetes
• Renal Care Protein Powder: Available in Low Protein and High Protein variants; choice guided by medical advice

Jan Aushadhi Poshan: Everyday Nutrition for Families

• Malt-Based Food: Enriched with essential vitamins and minerals
• Variants: Regular malt and cocoa; pack sizes include 500g (₹160.17), 500g with cocoa (₹164.62), and 30g sachet (₹8.90)
• Flexibility: Multiple pack sizes for different consumption needs and budgets

Features and Benefits

Quality Assurance

• Manufacturing Standards: Products manufactured in accordance with prescribed quality standards
• Affordable Pricing: Significantly lower than branded alternatives
• Wide Availability: Distributed through the Jan Aushadhi Kendra network

Diverse Product Range

• General Nutrition: Bars, powders, malt-based foods
• Disease-Specific: Diabetes care, renal care formulations
• Life-Stage Specific: Women’s protein boost, protein for fitness enthusiasts
• Convenience: Ready-to-eat bars, easy-to-prepare powders

Addressing Nutritional Gaps

• Protein Deficiency: Addresses widespread protein insufficiency in Indian diets
• Micronutrient Gaps: Malt-based foods fortified with vitamins and minerals
• Specialised Needs: Formulations for managing chronic conditions

Challenges

• Awareness: Many consumers unaware of Jan Aushadhi nutraceutical products
• Competition: Faces competition from established brands and local products
• Supply Chain: Ensuring consistent availability across all outlets
• Consumer Trust: Building trust in government-branded nutrition products
• Medical Guidance: Products should be used with professional advice; awareness needed

Way Forward

Expanding Reach

• Awareness Campaigns: Promote Jan Aushadhi nutraceuticals through public health programmes
• Integration: Link with ICDS, mid-day meal, and other nutrition schemes
• Digital Platforms: Improve visibility through e-commerce and mobile apps
• Prescription Linkage: Encourage healthcare providers to prescribe affordable alternatives

Strengthening Product Portfolio

• Paediatric Nutrition: Formulations for children’s growth and immunity
• Geriatric Care: Nutrition for elderly with specific health conditions
• Pregnancy & Lactation: Supplements for maternal nutrition
• Sports Nutrition: Performance-enhancing products for athletes

Enhancing Quality and Trust

• Third-Party Testing: Regular quality audits and certification
• Consumer Feedback: Mechanisms for product improvement
• Transparency: Clear labelling and ingredient disclosure

Conclusion

The Jan Aushadhi nutraceutical portfolio represents a significant step towards making quality nutrition affordable and accessible to all Indians. From protein bars for active lifestyles to disease-specific formulations and everyday family nutrition, the range addresses diverse needs. By offering high-quality products at affordable prices through the Jan Aushadhi Kendra network, PMBJP is reinforcing its commitment to “Quality Healthcare and Nutrition for All.” However, challenges of awareness, competition, and supply chain remain. As India advances its public health and nutrition goals, expanding awareness, strengthening the product portfolio, and ensuring quality will be essential to realise the full potential of this initiative.

Practice Question

1. The Jan Aushadhi nutraceutical portfolio addresses the critical gap between nutrition needs and affordability, but challenges of awareness and distribution persist. Critically examine the role of PMBJP in promoting nutrition security in India. (250 words, 15 marks)

https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2291539&reg=3&lang=1

GS III – Internal Security / GS II – Governance
Left-Wing Extremism, Security Operations, and Development

Introduction

On 31 March 2026, India achieved a historic milestone, becoming effectively free from Left-Wing Extremism (LWE), with no district remaining LWE-affected. This transformation, achieved on schedule, was driven by a comprehensive three-pronged strategy integrating security operations, infrastructure expansion, rehabilitation of surrendered cadres, tribal welfare, and improved governance. The number of LWE-affected districts declined from 126 (2014) to zero (March-April 2026). Naxal-related incidents dropped from 870 (2014) to 33 (2026), and fatalities reduced from 310 to 11. This integrated approach restored state presence, sharply reduced violence, and accelerated inclusive development in some of India’s most vulnerable communities.

The Challenge: Left-Wing Extremism Before 2014

Historical Context

• Origins: Naxalbari uprising (West Bengal, 1967); inspired by Maoist ideology
• Consolidation: CPI (Maoist) formed in 2004 through merger of extremist groups
• Weapons: Nearly 92% of Naxalite weapons looted from police armouries
• Spread: Red Corridor across states; 126 districts affected (2014)
• Violence Peak (2010): 1,936 incidents; 720 civilian deaths; 1,005 total fatalities
• Decade of Violence (2004-2014): 17,542 incidents; 1,913 security force deaths; 5,019 civilian deaths

Fragmented Response

• No Consistent National Policy: State governments operated in silos
• Reactive Approach: Incident-driven; managing symptoms, not root causes
• Acknowledged Challenge: Biggest internal security threat in geographic spread

The Integrated Strategy: Three Mutually Reinforcing Strands

Restoring Faith and Trust

• National Policy and Action Plan (2015): Structured, whole-of-government framework
• Security Operations: CAPF deployment, specialised training, intelligence coordination
• Surrender and Rehabilitation: “Red carpet” policy; ₹5 lakh/₹2.5 lakh immediate grant; ₹10,000 monthly stipend for 36 months
• Community Outreach: Civic Action Programmes (₹221.88 crore since 2014); tribal youth exchange

Expanding Infrastructure and Governance

• Road Connectivity: 15,189 km constructed under RRP and RCPLWEA
• Digital Connectivity: 9,497 telecom towers; 96% of villages (44,728) in LWE areas now mobile-connected
• Financial Inclusion (2015-2026): 1,804 bank branches, 1,321 ATMs, 74,720 banking correspondents, 6,025 post offices
• Education/Skill: 259 EMRS sanctioned (179 functional); 47 ITIs; 49 Skill Development Centres; ~₹800 crore investment; 90,000+ youth/women trained

Delivering Welfare and Dignity

• Tribal Welfare: PM-JANMAN for PVTGs; Dharti Aaba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan
• Education: EMRS for tribal children; free education up to Class XII for surrendered cadres’ children
• Livelihoods: Development grants for Naxal-free villages; housing under PMAY; self-employment support
• Cultural Integration: Tribal Youth Exchange Programme (37,655 participants since 2014); Bastar Pandum, Bastar Olympics

Security Architecture and Operations

Strengthening the Security Grid

• Fortified Police Stations: 663 (vs. 66 before 2014)
• New CAPF Camps: 408 established (last 7 years)
• Night-Landing Helipads: 68 for rapid deployment
• Vehicles: 400 bullet-proof/blast-proof vehicles; 5 hospitals

Elite Forces and Integration

• CoBRA, DRG, STF, Greyhounds: Specialised units; joint training
• Layer: CRPF, DRG, Jharkhand Jaguar, Chhattisgarh Police, Greyhounds
• Interoperability: Integrated command structure

Technology as a Game-Changer

• UAV/Drones: Real-time monitoring; satellite imagery
• AI/Data Analytics: Location tracking, call-log analysis, mobile data, social media monitoring
• Intelligence: Scientific analysis for tracking and targeting

Landmark Operations

• “Trace, Target, Neutralise” Doctrine: Intelligence-based precision operations
• Key Operations: Black Forest, Octopus, Double Bull, Thunderstorm, Bhimbarg, Chakrabandha
• Operation Black Forest: Dismantled key Maoist stronghold; 30+ Maoists eliminated
• Operation Double Bull: Gumla, Lohardaga, Latehar became Naxal-free

Disrupting the Support System

• NIA Vertical: Disrupted financing networks; seized assets worth ₹40+ crore (Dec 2025)
• ED: Attached assets worth ₹12 crore; State agencies ₹40 crore
• Cases: 112 NIA cases; 100 charge sheets filed (June 2026)

Surrender and Rehabilitation

Surrender Policy

• Immediate Grant: ₹5 lakh (higher-ranked); ₹2.5 lakh (others)
• Monthly Stipend: ₹10,000 for 36 months
• Additional Incentives: ₹50,000 (individual); ₹1 lakh (group); extra for weapons deposit
• Skill Development: Livelihood assistance; housing; self-employment support

Surrender Trends

• 2025: 2,337 cadres surrendered
• 2024-March 2026: 3,927 cadres surrendered
• Recent (July 2026): 16 active Maoists surrendered in Ranchi (including Regional Commander); 8 more in Bijapur (₹49 lakh reward); top Politburo member arrested (₹1 crore reward)

Impact and Results

Decline in LWE Activity

• LWE-Affected Districts: 126 (2014) → 0 (March-April 2026)
• Most Affected Districts: 35 (2014) → 0
• Incidents: 870 (2014) → 33 (2026)
• Fatalities: 310 (2014) → 11 (2026)
• Security Force Deaths: ~50% decline

Development Impact

• Bastar Transformation: 3,240 km roads; 889 mobile towers; Bastariya Battalion (1,143 local personnel)
• Service Centres: Shaheed Veer Gunda Dhur Seva Dera initiative converting 70 CAPF camps into service centres
• Inclusive Growth: Financial inclusion, education, skill development reaching remote tribal communities

Way Forward

Sustaining Peace

• Legacy and Thrust Districts: 37 districts with continued support; one “District of Concern” for surveillance
• Consolidation: Focus on development and rehabilitation, not just security
• Community Trust: Continue outreach and civic action programmes

Deepening Development

• Connectivity: Complete remaining road and telecom projects
• Livelihoods: Skill training, self-employment, and wage opportunities
• Education: Expand EMRS and vocational training
• Healthcare: Improve primary health services in remote areas

Integration of Surrendered Cadres

• Rehabilitation: Ensure all cadres receive promised support; monitor reintegration
• Counseling: Psycho-social support and community acceptance
• Employment: Link with government programmes and private sector

Technology and Intelligence

• Continuing Vigilance: Maintain intelligence networks; prevent regrouping
• Cyber Monitoring: Track online radicalisation and financial networks
• Data-Driven Governance: Use technology for development monitoring

Conclusion

India’s achievement of becoming Naxal-Free on 31 March 2026 is a landmark internal security success, reflecting a comprehensive strategy that combined security, development, and rehabilitation. The decline from 126 affected districts to zero, from 870 incidents (2014) to 33 (2026), and from 310 fatalities to 11 demonstrates the effectiveness of the integrated approach. The transformation of Bastar, the surrender of thousands of cadres, and the expansion of roads, telecom, banking, and education in previously inaccessible areas highlight the shift from conflict to development. As India enters this new chapter of peace, sustained focus on consolidation, rehabilitation, and inclusive growth will be essential to ensure that the gains are lasting and that tribal communities fully participate in the nation’s development journey.

Practice Question

1. India’s achievement of becoming Naxal-Free reflects a successful integrated strategy combining security operations, infrastructure expansion, and rehabilitation. Critically examine. (250 words, 15 marks)

https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2292864&reg=3&lang=1