Body:
Write a brief conclusion.
After testing the French enlightenment thoughts on American soil, French people initiated the revolution in 1789 against the monarchy.
French revolution is watershed event in the history of world which ignited the spark towards the equal society where liberty equality and fraternity prevails over slavery, inequality and hatred.
Introduction: (Briefly describe the industrial revolution)
The Industrial Revolution, which took place from the 18th to 19th centuries, was a period during which predominantly agrarian, rural societies in Europe became industrial and urban.
Body:
The IR happened in England because:
1) ECONOMIC – The people were exploited for want of huge profits by giving low wages and 16 hours of work/day. With the invention of more modern machines, man-made famine and unemployment rose.
2) POLITICAL – End of laissez faire as said by Keynes led to intervention of state by legislating ‘factories act’ to set minimum wages and working hours especially for children and women
3) GEOGRAPHICAL – Urban centres became the locus of production and economic activity, people who migrated to polluted towns and lived in unhygienic slums lost lives due to diseases
3) SOCIAL – Middle classes emerged who specialized in certain occupations, who were the driving for further economic expansion, they asserted their rights by forming trade unions and demanded universal suffrage.
4) IDEOLOGICAL – Socialism for just distribution of wealth and criticism of private capitalism rose.
Conclusion:
Write a brief conclusion.
The first Industrial Revolution (IR) began in the 18th century Europe, with large-scale use of machines in the production of goods.
England was where it all started. Reasons:
– Political stability – England was ruled by a stable autocratic regime,
– Abundance of natural (coal, iron-ore) and human resources; raw materials (textiles) were further imported from its colonies,
– Available market for the finished products, both within England, and in its colonies,
– Widespread banking system which eased the credit line and promoted entrepreneurship,
– Technological advancement, like steam engine, spinning jenny, et al.
– Accumulation of capital among the industrialists, who invested in trade instead of extravagant expenses,
Reasons for IR not starting in other countries:
– France was suffering from political instability,
– Germany and Italy were politically divided,
– Russia lacked capital and technology,
– Geographical barriers in Austria-Hungary, Spain, et al. impeded connectivity,
IR brought significant changes in the lives of the people.
– Positive changes:
– improved the standards of living; promoted healthcare, education, et al. services,
– large-scale employment empowered people economically,
– improved connectivity and communication,
– Negative changes:
– pathetic living and working conditions of worker class initially; improved with social and labour reforms,
– promoted inequality; consolidation of wealth among the capitalists.
The Industrial Revolution led to many social, political and economic reforms, which form the basis of modern societies.
Colonialism is termed as building and maintaining colonies in one territory by people from another territory. Usually it was done for economic gains. i.e. to exploit the resources of the colonies.
Depending upon the objectives of the colonialists, colonialism can be classified into different types. Broadly they are:
Settler colonialism: These colonies were established by the movement of large numbers of citizens from a mother country or metropole to the new colony. The indigenous tribes or the aboriginal people were often moved forcibly to other regions or exterminated. Eg. Hungary, Thailand, Canada, USA, Australia, New Zealand etc.
Dependencies: These were the colonies where the colonizers did not arrive as part of a mass emigration, but rather as administrators over existing sizable native populations. Examples in this category include the British Raj, Egypt, the Dutch East Indies, and the Japanese colonial empire. In some cases large-scale colonial settlement was attempted in substantially pre-populated areas and the result was either an ethnically mixed population (such as the mestizos of the Americas)
Plantation Colonies: These were the places which were climatically suitable for plantation crops. The white colonizers imported black slaves who rapidly began to outnumber their owners, leading to minority rule, similar to a dependency. Eg. Barbados, Jamaica etc.
Trading Posts: the primary purpose of the colony was to engage in trade rather than as a staging post for further colonization of the hinterland. Eg. Hong Kong, Macau, Singapore etc.
In India, the colonizers came as trading vessels first. They colonized the coastal areas like Pondicherry, Goa, Bombay, Madras and Calcutta. Later with the increase in greed and power, their involvement in internal politics increased. Amongst the different colonizers, British finally succeeded in colonizing India and it became a dependency i.e. the colony governed by British Administration with majority of local Indian population.
Colonialism is the establishment, exploitation, maintenance, acquisition, and expansion of colonies in one territory by people from another territory. Throughout the modern history of the world, various strands of colonialism established the dominance of European powers on American, Asian and African countries. A close examination of various faces of colonialism are discussed below:
Colonialism in India: India was the most valuable colony for Europeans because of it’s vivid rich resources, human capital and huge potential market. Europeans came to India as traders under the banner of Government sponsored or private companies. British East India company, Dutch East India company etc are prominent examples. Later, British East India company triumphed in getting commercial and administrative control over major parts of the country. India witnessed Economic company colonialism in its early phase. After the Indian revolt of Independence of 1857, the company rule was squashed and India was brought under direst rule of Crown which existed till 1947.
Colonialization is the process of settling among and establishing control over the indigenous people of an area. there are various strands of colonization.
Based on type of control.
Based on administrative management
Thus in this context, there were various transitional stages in the process of colonialization of India by British. Battle of plassey made Bengal a sphere of influence by East India company(EIC) where it brought the exclusive trading rights,later battle of buxar made India(Bengal) a protectorate where by EIC acquired diwani rights and finally by the various annexations and subsequent British legislations passed to govern India, she was technically reduced to a ‘colony’ where ‘indirect control’ was exercised .
Introduction:
Provide a brief introduction about how the recent SC order reiterates the primary aim of Section 123 (3) of the People’s Representation Act, which is to “curb communal and separatist tendencies in the country” and how the order helps to maintain secular ethos of the Constitution, by keeping elections a secular exercise.
Body:
Provide points why the apex court’s decision is a progressive step:
(Note: Section 123 (3) of the People’s Representation Act of 1951 provides that no candidate or his agent can appeal for votes on the grounds of his religion, race, caste, community or language, religious symbols for prejudicing the election.)
Therefore considering the above points, the apex court’s order putting a ban over seeking votes on the basis of religion and cast is a progressive step.
Now, provide the cons too –
The Supreme Court’s recent verdict reinterpreted the RPI Act of 1951 and banned appeal for votes during elections on the basis of caste, religion, community or language.
This judgement is a progressive step as:
1) Appeal for votes on these basis leads to mixing of religion with state power.
2) Elections fought on these issues which are emotive and irrational in nature instead of developmental issues is a distortion of democracy, whose foundation lies in rational thought and action.
3) Possibility of polarization leading to communal or regional tensions undermining the integrity of India and posing an internal security threat.
4) Leads to vote bank and identity politics.
5) As our political institutions such as the parliament are secular in nature as mandated by the constitution, it is a necessary pre-requisite that the process of electing its members should also be void of any bias.
However, there are certain lacunae in this judgment
1) This will take away the right to organize on the basis of legitimate concern having routes in religion, caste etc and gain electoral power.
2) It is a very broad and vague interpretation of RPI clauses without spelling out specifics such as – When does an appeal become a religious appeal? Does even a reference to religion/caste attract disqualification?
Overall, the SC’s judgment is in the right direction however we must note that the political leadership only reflects the moral conscience of the society. Until and unless the citizens of India raise above narrow borders of caste/religion the impact to SC’s verdict will be limited
Introduction:
Provide in brief the role and primary responsibility of UNSC.
Body:
Explain the current position of UNSC and provide examples of its failures in fulfilling the above said role and responsibilities.
Now, explain the trends of changing global dynamics and new issues, threats and challenges of the twenty first century.
Explain why an ‘updated’ and not ‘outdated’ global institution can be effective in addressing the current challenges of conflict prevention and sustaining peace.
Provide suggestions and changes that the UNSC should adopt to reflect new world realities and solve current challenges.
