• Solution: (d) 

Explanation (Pair-wise)

• Pair 1 – PARAM 8000: Developed by C-DAC in 1991, India’s first indigenous supercomputer. This pair is correct
• Pair 2 – Pratyush: Installed at Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune for advanced weather and climate modelling. This pair is correct
• Pair 3 – Mihir: Installed at NCMRWF, Noida, for medium-range weather forecasting. This pair is correct

Pair 4 – ANURAG: Built by DRDO’s Advanced Numerical Research and Analysis Group (ANURAG), used for defence simulations including nuclear weapons design. This pair is correct

• Solution: (c) 

Explanation (Pair-wise)

• Pair 1 – H-1B: For highly skilled workers in specialty fields (IT, engineering, science). This pair is correct
• Pair 2 – F-1: For international students pursuing academic studies at U.S. universities. This pair is correct
• Pair 3 – L-1: L-1 is for intra-company transferees (executives, managers, specialized staff), not for athletes/artists. This pair is incorrect

Pair 4 – O: For people with extraordinary ability in sciences, arts, education, business, or athletics. This pair is correct

• Solution: (b) 

Explanation

• What are ENTs?
  • ENTs (Extreme Nuclear Transients) are a newly identified category of ultra-powerful cosmic explosions.
  • They occur when a star drifts too close to a supermassive black hole.
  • The intense gravitational pull stretches the star into a thin stream of gas (“spaghettification”), which then emits enormous amounts of electromagnetic radiation.
• Energy Output
  • ENTs are considered the biggest explosions since the Big Bang, releasing up to 10 times more energy than previously known record cosmic events like gamma-ray bursts (GRBs).
• How are they different from other cosmic events?
  • (a) Ultra-fast radio signals (FRBs): These are short radio bursts from magnetars, not ENTs.
  • (c) Solar eruptions: Solar flares/coronal mass ejections release charged particles, but they are much weaker and limited to our Sun.
  • (d) Gravitational waves: Produced by mergers of neutron stars or black holes, different from the light-energy explosions of ENTs.
• Observation
  • ENTs were detected using data from the Gaia spacecraft and are much rarer than Tidal Disruption Events (TDEs).

• Solution: (c) 

Explanation

• Statement I: UN effectiveness is questioned mainly due to veto power in UNSC. This statement is correct
• Statement II: P-5 (US, UK, Russia, China, France) have veto power, blocking action → ✔ Explains Statement I. This statement is correct

Statement III: ICJ decisions are binding only on parties to the case and only if they accepted its jurisdiction; not universally binding on all UN members. This statement is incorrect

• Solution: (b) 

Explanation

• Annapolis Conference (2007)
  • Convened by U.S. President George W. Bush.
  • Brought together Israel, Palestine, and international actors to restart peace talks based on the two-state solution.
  • No lasting agreement was reached, but it reaffirmed the peace process framework.
• Balfour Declaration (1917)
  • A statement by British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour.
  • Declared British support for establishing a “national home for the Jewish people” in Palestine.
  • Marked the start of the modern Israel–Palestine conflict, as Arab Palestinians opposed it.
• Camp David Summit (2000)
  • Mediated by U.S. President Bill Clinton between Israeli PM Ehud Barak and Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat.
  • Attempted to resolve final status issues: Jerusalem, refugees, borders, and settlements.
  • Talks collapsed, triggering the Second Intifada (2000–2005).