Solution (d)

Explanation: 

• The Anushilan Samiti was founded by Promotha Mitter in 1902. The samiti was supported by Jatindranath Banerjee, Barindra Kumar Ghosh and others. The Anushilan Samiti was formed and organized on the lines of the secret societies of Russia and Italy. But, their activities were limited to giving physical and moral training to the members and remained insignificant till 1907-08. The immediate events triggering the members of the samiti were the unpopular educational reforms of Lord Curzon and the Partition of Bengal (1905). Hence Statements 1 and 2 correct.

In April 1906, an inner circle within Anushilan (Barindra Kumar Ghosh, Bhupendranath Dutta) started the weekly Yugantar and conducted a few abortive ‘actions’.Hence Statement 3 is correct.

Solution (c)

Explanation:

• • The Home Rule Movement was the Indian response to the First World War in a less charged but more effective way than the response of Indians living abroad which took the form of the Ghadar adventure. 
  • Lokmanya Tilak, Annie Besant, G.S. Khaparde, Sir S. Subramania Iyer, Joseph Baptista, and Muhammad Ali Jinnah were some of the prominent leaders of the Home Rule League Movement. 
  • Sir S. Subramania Iyer surrendered his knighthood as a protest against the confinement of Dr Besant and her colleagues by the Madras Government. Hence option c is correct.

• He acted as the legal adviser of The Theosophical Society and worked in this capacity till his last days.

Hence Option (c) is the correct answer.

Solution (a)

Explanation:

• Shyamji Krishna Varma was born in 1857 in modern-day Gujarat. He completed his education in India, before moving on to teach Sanskrit at the Oxford University. Hence statement 1 is correct. 
• He became the first President of Bombay Arya Samaj. He was an admirer of Dayanand Saraswati, and he inspired Veer Savarkar who was a member of India House in London. He also served as the Diwan of a number of states in India. Hence statement 2 is correct.

His revolutionary activities were based in Britain. In 1905 an Indian Home Rule Society ‘India House’ was established as a Centre for Indian students.  A journal ‘The Indian Sociologist’ was also established by him in 1905. Hence statement 3 is incorrect.

Solution (b)

Explanation:

• Baba Sohan Singh Bhakna was elected the President, Lala Har Dayal the General Secretary and Pandit Kanshi Ram Maroli the Treasurer at the first meeting of the Ghadr Party, which was also attended by others including Bhai Parmanand and Harnam Singh ‘Tundilat’. Ghadar ideology was also strongly egalitarian and democratic in content. Their aim was to set up an independent republic in India. Hence Statement 1 is incorrect.
•  The paper Ghadar was launched on the first of November, 1913. The first issue was in Urdu language followed by the Gurmukhi version, a month later. Hence Statement 2 is correct.
• The revolutionaries included mainly ex-soldiers and peasants who had migrated from the Punjab to the USA and Canada in search of better employment opportunities. Hence Statement 3 is correct.
• Ghadar ideology was strongly egalitarian and democratic in their content. Their aim was to set up an independent republic in India. The most important achievement of the Ghadarites was that despite the fact that the vast majority of their followers were recruited from amongst Punjabi Sikh immigrants, they were strongly secular in their

Solution (b)

Explanation:

• There was a temporary respite in revolutionary activity after the First World War because the release of prisoners held under the Defence of India Rules cooled down passions a bit. There was an atmosphere of conciliation after Montagu’s August 1917 statement and the talk of constitutional reforms and the coming of Gandhi on the scene with the programme of nonviolent non-cooperation promised new hope. Hence Statement I is correct. 
• In Lucknow session of INC (1916) Muslim League and the Congress came together and presented common demands to the government. Hence Statement II is correct, but this is not the correct reason for Statement I

Solution (c)

Explanation:

•  The Government of India Act, 1919 introduced dyarchy in the provinces. The Act divided the provincial subjects into two parts–transferred and reserved. The transferred subjects were to be administered by the Governor with the aid of Ministers responsible to the legislative council. The reserved subjects, on the other hand, were to be administered by the Governor and his executive council without being responsible to the legislative council. This dual scheme of governance was known as ‘dyarchy’–a term derived from the Greek word di-arche which means double rule. However, this experiment was largely unsuccessful. Hence Statement 1 is correct.
• Agriculture was included as transferred subject in GOI act 1919. Hence Statement 2 is incorrect.
• The Government of India Act of 1919 clearly defined the jurisdiction of the central and provincial governments. It provided for the demarcation and separation of subjects between centre and provinces. The central and provincial legislatures were authorised to make laws on their respective list of subjects. However, the structure of government continued to be centralised and unitary. Hence Statement 3 is correct.

Government of India act 1919, separated for the first time the provincial and central budgets, with provincial legislatures being authorised to make their budgets. Hence Statement 4 is correct.

Solution (b)

Explanation:

• Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were given death sentence under the Lahore conspiracy case of 1928. In December 1928, Singh and Rajguru had shot dead a 21-year-old British officer, John P Saunders, in Lahore, in case of mistaken identity. The plan was to kill senior British superintendent James Scott for his role in the death of Lala Lajpat Rai. Hence Option 1 is correct.
• In 1929 government arrested thirty-two radical political and trade union activists, including three British Communists — Philip Spratt, Ben Bradley and Lester Hutchinson under the Meerut conspiracy case. Bhagat Singh was not tried in this case.  Hence Option 2 is incorrect.
•  Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt were tried under the Central Assembly Bomb Case, 1929. On April 8, 1929, Bhagat Singh and B.K. Dutt threw bomb in Central Assembly in Delhi and offered to be arrested after throwing harmless bombs to ‘make the deaf hear.’ ‘ Hence Option 3 is correct.

The Kanpur Conspiracy Case began in 1923 with the arrest of prominent leaders like Muzaffar Ahmad, S. Chettiar, S.A. Dange, Ghulam Hussain among others.The Charge on them was “to deprive the King-Emperor of his sovereignty of British India, by complete separation of India from imperialistic Britain by a violent revolution.” Bhagat Singh was not tried in this case. ‘ Hence Option 4 is incorrect.

Solution (b)

Explanation:

• Tilak and Besant had set up their separate leagues. Tilak set up his Indian Home Rule League in April 1916. Annie Besant set up her All-India Home Rule League in September 1916.
• Tilak’s league was restricted to Maharashtra (excluding Bombay city), Karnataka, Central Provinces, and Berar. It had six branches. Annie Besant’s league was set up as All-India Home Rule League and it covered the rest of India (including Bombay city). It’s headquarter was in Madras and had 200 branches. Hence Statement 1 is incorrect.
• Annie Besant’s League was loosely organised as compared to Tilak’s league. In her league- three members could form a branch whereas in case of Tilak’s League each of the six branches had a clearly defined area and activities. Also, there was no organized method for passing the instructions in Besant’s league. Hence Statement 2 is correct.

Solution (b)

Explanation:

• The Unionist party was formed by leaders of Punjab in 1920s. The party was particularly powerful in Punjab during the period 1923-47. Hence Statement 1 is incorrect.
• Unionist Party was founded by Sir Fazli Husain, Sir Chotu Ram and Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan in 1923 and basically represented the interests of Punjabi zamindar (rural/agrarian). Hence Statement 2 is correct.

It was not a communal party. It was secular in nature and believed in a strong and united Punjabi entity, bringing together Muslims, Hindus, Sikhs and other communities. Hence Statement 3 is correct.

Solution (a)

Explanation:

• The Hindustan Republican Association/Army or HRA (later renamed Hindustan Socialist Republican Association or HSRA) was founded in October 1924 in Kanpur by Ramprasad Bismil, Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee and Sachin Sanyal. Hence Statement a is incorrect.
•  It proposed the overthrow of British colonial rule and its replacement with what it termed a Federal Republic of the United States of India.  In addition, it sought universal suffrage and the socialist-oriented aim of the abolition of all systems which make any kind of exploitation of man by man possible. Hence Statement b is correct.
•  The Kakori Train robbery was a train robbery that took place at Kakori, a village near Lucknow in 1925. It was organised by Hindustan Republican Association (HRA). Ram Prasad Bismil, Roshan Singh and Rajendra Nath Lahiri were hanged. Chandrashekar Azad remained at large He reorganised the HRA in 1928 and operated it till his death in 1931. Hence Statement c is correct.

Bhagat Singh and B.K.Dutt were asked by HSRA to throw a bomb in the central legislative assembly on 1929 against the passage of the Public Safety Bill and Trade Disputes bill which would reduce the civil liberties of citizens in general and workers in particular. Hence Statement d is correct.

Solution (a)

Explanation:

• Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy case: On 17 March 1924, S.A. Dange, M.N. Roy, Muzaffar Ahmed, Nalini Bhushan Dasgupta, Shaukat Usmani, Singaravelu Chettiar, Ghulam Hussain and others were charged that they as communists were seeking “to deprive the King Emperor of his sovereignty of British India, by complete separation of India from imperialistic Britain by a violent revolution” in what was called the Cawnpore (now spelt Kanpur) Bolshevik Conspiracy case. Hence Pair 1 is correct.

• •  Muzaffarpur Conspiracy Case (1908 AD): It was a revolutionary conspiracy by the Khudiram Bose and Praffula Chaki to kill the Chief Presidency Magistrate DH Kingsford of Muzaffarpur. They threw bombs on a vehicle of DH Kingsford but he escaped the attack and unfortunately, two British women were killed. Prafulla Chaki committed suicide when he was about to be arrested by the Police. Khudiram Bose was the youngest Indian who was hanged by the British. Hence Pair 2 is correct.

• Meerut Conspiracy Case (1929 AD): This was the immense political significance for the Indian working-class movement because it was a conspiracy of British Government against the rise of Communism in India. During this case, 31 labor leaders included three Englishmen were arrested on the charge of conspiracy. Muzafr Ahamed, S.A Dange, S.V Ghate, Dr. G Adhikari, P.C.Joshi, S.S.Mirajkar, Shaukat Usmani, Philip Stratt etc. were arrested on the charge of conspiracy to overthrow the British Government of India through strikes and other militant methods. Hence Pair 3 is incorrect.

• Kakori train robbery or Kakori Case was a train robbery against the British Indian Government. It was organized by a revolutionary organization i.e., Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) under the leadership of Ram Prasad Bismil and supported by Ashfaqulla Khan, Rajendra Lahiri, Chandrashekhar Azad.

Solution (a)

Explanation:

• The extremists planned to expand the Boycott and Swadeshi Movement beyond Bengal and to incorporate all types of associations (such as government service, law courts, legislative councils, and so on) in the boycott program, thereby launching a nationwide mass movement. Hence statement 1 is correct.
• The Extremists issued a call for widespread passive resistance and a boycott of universities, legislative bodies, local governments, courts, and other institutions after being inspired by the proceedings at the Calcutta session. 
• The Extremists made no demand for complete independence. 
• The goal of the Indian National Congress was characterized as ‘swarajya or self-government, similar to the United Kingdom or the colonies of Australia and Canada. Hence statement 2 is incorrect.

The extremists desired that the 1907 session be held in Nagpur (Central Provinces), with Tilak or Lajpat Rai as president, and that the swadeshi, boycott, and national education motions be reiterated. However, the Moderates wanted the session to be held in Surat. Instead, they wanted Rashbehari Ghosh as president. Hence statement 3 is incorrect.

Solution (d)

Explanation:

• The socio-religious movements played a major role in promoting national consciousness among people by advocating against oppressive practices such as caste discrimination but it did not eradicate caste discrimination. Hence statement 1 is incorrect.
• The administrative uniformity brought out by the British played a major role in promoting national feeling among Indians. For example, almost every peasant in India felt the burden of the British’s land revenue policy and the educated felt the brunt of the racial superiority policy in terms of associating Indians with administration. This encouraged Indians to come in unity to oppose colonial rule. Hence statement 2 is correct.
• The press played a significant role in promoting national feeling among Indians by politically educating the masses. The British had their own suspicion against the press in India and so they often restricted the liberty of the press through acts like the Vernacular Press Act of 1877 that greatly curbed the freedom of the press. Hence statement 3 is incorrect.
• The development of modern transport and communication enabled leaders to better spread their ideas across India. This brought a lot of peasants and labourers for the first time under the programme of national struggle against the British. Hence statement 4 is correct.

Solution (b)

Explanation:

Dewan Chaman Lall (1892 -1973) was elected as the first general secretary of the All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC). He also represented workers’ interests at the first Round Table Conference in 1930-31 and served as a member of the Central Legislative Assembly. He was elected to the Constituent Assembly from East Punjab representing the All-India Trade Union Congress party in 1946. Hence option b is correct.

Solution (b)

Explanation:

• Moderates found their support base in the Zamindars and the upper-middle-class while the extremists found their support bases among the educated middle class and lower classes. Hence statement 1 is incorrect.
• Moderates limited their struggle to constitutional means. Extremists often used extra-constitutional methods like boycotts and passive resistance to achieve their objectives. Hence statement 2 is correct.
• Moderates believed that political connections with Britain were in India’s social, political, and cultural interests. Whereas Extremists believed that political connections with Britain would perpetuate British exploitation of India. Hence statement 3 is correct.

Solution (a)

Explanation:

• Prafulla Chaki and Khudiram Bose are associated with the Alipore Conspiracy Case, which involved an attempt to murder a white judge, Kingsford, in Muzaffarpur in 1908. Hence statement 1 is correct.
• The whole Anushilan group was arrested in the event, including the Ghosh brothers, Aurobindo and Barindra, who were tried in the Alipore conspiracy case, variously called Manicktolla bomb conspiracy or Muraripukur conspiracy. 
• Delhi conspiracy is associated with the bomb attack on Viceroy Hardinge while he was making his official entry into the new capital of Delhi in a procession through Chandni Chowk in December 1912. Hence statement 2 is incorrect.
• Chittaranjan Das defended Aurobindo. Aurobindo was acquitted of all charges, with the judge condemning the flimsy nature of the evidence against him. Hence statement 3 is incorrect.
• Barindra Ghosh, the head of Anushilan Samiti, as the maker of the bombs, was given the death penalty, which was later commuted to life in prison. 

Solution (c)

Explanation:

• The Swadeshi and Boycott Movement fizzled out by 1908 due to government repression, lack of coordination, and effective organizational structure. 
• The government reacted harshly by recognizing the revolutionary potential of the Swadeshi movement. Between 1907 and 1908, the majority of the movement’s key leaders were either imprisoned or deported. Hence statement 1 is correct.
• Some Muslims participated, including Barrister Abdul Rasul, Liaqat Hussain, Guznavi, and Maulana Azad (who joined one of the revolutionary terrorist groups). 
• However, the majority of upper and middle-class Muslims stayed away or supported the partition, led by Nawab Salimullah of Dacca, because it would give them a Muslim-majority East Bengal. Hindus and Muslims were separated by status, with the former as landowners and the latter as peasants. Hence statement 2 is correct.
• In several parts of the country, movements in favour of Bengal’s unity and the Swadeshi and boycott agitation were organized. 
• Tilak, who was instrumental in spreading the movement outside of Bengal, saw this as the beginning of a new chapter in the history of the national struggle. As a result, the movement spread beyond Bengal to the rest of the country. Hence statement 3 is incorrect.
• The Swadeshi movement was unable to establish an effective organization or party structure. Hence statement 4 is correct.
• It introduced a slew of techniques associated with Gandhian politics, such as non-cooperation, passive resistance, filling British jails, social reform, and constructive work, but it failed to give these techniques a disciplined focus.

Solution (b)

Explanation:

Moderates were able to create a wide national awakening of all Indians having common interests, the need to rally around a common programme against a common enemy, and above all, the feeling of belonging to one nation.

Moderates failed to widen their democratic base and the scope of their demands mainly because of a limited social base, disbelief in the masses, adoption of methods like prayer, petitioning, and protest, etc. Hence option b is correct.

The political work by moderates was based on hard realities, and not on shallow sentiments, religion, etc. 

Moderates exposed the exploitative character of colonial rule, thus undermining its moral foundations.

Solution (d)

Explanation:

• The activities of revolutionary heroism started as a byproduct of the growth of militant nationalism. 
• Most of the major leaders of revolutionary policies had been enthusiastic participants in the Non-Cooperation Movement. 

• Revolutionary nationalists such as Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee, Surya Sen, Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, Chandrasekhar Azad, Shiv Verma, Bhagwaticharan Vohra, Jaidev Kapur and Jatin Das participated in the Non-Cooperation Movement. Hence statement 1 is incorrect.
• The revolutionary nationalists believed that creating a violent mass revolution throughout the country would free Indians from colonial rule. Hence statement 2 is correct.

However, they did not find it practical at that stage to implement violent mass struggle, hence engaged in individual heroic actions, such as organizing assassinations of unpopular officials which they believed would arouse people and remove the fear of authority from their minds and contribute to mass revolution at a later stage.

Solution (c)

Explanation:

V D Savarkar was inspired by the ideas of Mazzini. V D Savarkar and his brother organized Mitra Mela, a secret society, in 1899 which merged with Abhinav Bharat. He was associated with India House and other important leaders associated with the house were Bhikaji Cama, V.N. Chatterjee, Lala Har Dayal, etc. He was the president of Hindu Mahasabha from 1937 to 1943. His famous books include ‘The History of the War of Indian Independence’ and ‘Hindutva: who is Hindu?’. He was arrested in 1909 on charges of plotting an armed revolt against the Morley-Minto reform (Indian Councils Act 1909) and in 1910 for his connections with the revolutionary group India House. Hence option c is correct.

Note:

The India House in London was a hostel for Indian students studying in Britain, founded by prominent freedom fighter Shyamji Krishna Varma in 1905. Veer Savarkar lived there while studying law and led revolutionary activities against the British.

Solution (b)

Context:

• The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) successfully conducted the preliminary automotive trials of the Indian light tank, Zorawar, meant for deployment in high-altitude areas. In this context, the fundamental features of the tank become important for UPSC.

Explanation:

Zorawar is an indigenously designed and developed Light Tank. It was developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) in collaboration with Larsen & Toubro Limited. It is designed to operate in varying terrain, from high-altitude areas and marginal terrains to island territories. It will be equipped with all the modern technologies, such as Artificial Intelligence, Drone Integration, a high degree of situational awareness, and amphibious operation capability. Hence, option b is the correct answer.

Solution (d)

Context:

• September 12 marks the 127th anniversary of the Battle of Saragarhi, regarded today as one of the finest last stands in global military history. In 2017, the Punjab government decided to observe Saragarhi Day on September 12 as a holiday. In this context, a question can be framed by UPSC regarding this battle.

Explanation:

• The Battle of Saragarhi is considered one of the finest last stands in the military history of the world. Saragarhi was the communication tower between Fort Lockhart and Fort Gulistan. The two forts in the rugged North West Frontier Province (NWFP), now in Pakistan, were built by Maharaja Ranjit Singh but renamed by the British. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.
• In this battle, 21 soldiers were pitted against over 8,000 Afridi and Orakzai tribals but they managed to hold the fort for seven hours. Though Saragarhi was usually manned by a platoon of 40 soldiers, on that fateful day, it was being held by only 21 soldiers from 36th Sikh Regiment (now 4th Sikh in Indian Army) and a non-combatant called Daad, a Pashtun who did odd jobs for the troops. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.

Solution (a)

Context:

• Recently, the Union Cabinet chaired by the Prime Minister India has approved the proposal of the Ministry of Heavy Industries (MHI) for implementation of a scheme titled ‘PM E-DRIVE Scheme’. In this context, this scheme becomes important for UPSC.

Explanation:

• PM Electric Drive Revolution in Innovative Vehicle Enhancement (PM E-DRIVE) scheme has an outlay of Rs 10,900 crore over a period of two years for promotion of electric mobility in the country. This scheme aims to accelerate the adoption of electric vehicles through substantial upfront incentives and the development of crucial charging infrastructure. It also intends to reduce the environmental footprint, improve air quality, and build a competitive and resilient EV manufacturing industry. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• The Ministry of Heavy Industries will implement the scheme, offering subsidies through a dedicated portal to both buyers and manufacturers. An additional fund will be provided to public transport agencies for procuring around 14,000 e-buses, with demand aggregation managed by Convergence Energy Services Limited (CESL) in nine major cities. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.

Solution (d)

Context:

• The Centre has decided to rename Port Blair as Sri Vijaya Puram. In this context the history as well as geography of the region becomes important for UPSC.

Explanation:

• Port Blair will be renamed by Union government as Sri Vijaya Puram. This move is aimed at shedding the colonial legacy associated with the former and to recognise Andaman and Nicobar Islands’ contribution to the Indian freedom struggle. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• Historical records suggest that the Andaman Islands were used as a strategic naval base by the Chola emperor Rajendra I in the 11th century. It was used to launch an attack on the Srivijaya Empire, located in present-day Indonesia. Chola invasion of Srivijaya was unique, marking a rare conflict in India’s otherwise peaceful relations with Southeast Asia. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• The British built the Cellular Jail, also known as Kala Pani (Black Waters), to house Indian convicts, mostly political prisoners, in solitary confinement. With the strengthening of the Indian Independence Movement in the late 19th century, a huge cellular jail was established here by 1906. Hence, statement 3 is correct.

Solution (a)

Explanation:

• The Mpox, also known as monkeypox is a viral zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus. There are two known types (clades) of mpox virus — one that originated in Central Africa (Clade I) and one that originated in West Africa (Clade II). Hence, statement 1 is not correct.
• The first human case of mpox was recorded in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The human-to-human transmission of mpox can occur through direct contact with body fluids, lesions, prolonged face-to-face contact, including sexual contact, and indirect contact with contaminated clothing or bedding. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.
• The common symptoms of mpox are a skin rash or mucosal lesions, which can last up to 2–4 weeks accompanied by fever, headache, muscle aches, back pain, low energy, and swollen lymph nodes. There are no specific treatments for monkeypox virus infection. Early and supportive care is important to help manage symptoms and avoid further problems. Hence, statement 3 is correct.

Solution (c)

Explanation:

Context: Mr. Kejriwal met Lieutenant-Governor (L-G) V.K. Saxena and submitted this resignation. 

• The Chief Minister of Delhi submits his/her resignation to the Lieutenant Governor of Delhi. Hence option c is correct.
• Article 239 AA was inserted in the Constitution by The Constitution (69th Amendment) Act, 1991 to give Special Status to Delhi following the recommendations of the S Balakrishnan Committee that was set up to look into demands for statehood for Delhi.
• It says that the NCT of Delhi will have an Administrator and a Legislative Assembly.
• Article 239AA also notes that L-G has to either act on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers, or he is bound to implement the decision taken by the President on a reference being made by him.
• Article 239AA empowers the L-G to refer a difference of opinion on ‘any matter’ with the Council of Ministers to the President.

Solution (b)

Explanation:

Context: NiV, with its periodic outbreaks in Kerala (fourth, now), has come to symbolise the fear and paralysis that encircle emerging diseases in modern times.

• The Nipah virus (NiV) is a zoonotic virus and can also spread from humans to humans. Hence statement 1 is correct.
• Humans can contract this virus through direct contact with infected animals, like bats, and pigs or it can spread through contaminated food. 
• In Bangladesh and India, the main source of the Nipah virus is eating fruits, which are contaminated with the saliva of infected fruit bats.
• It is a single-stranded, enclosed, negative-sense RNA virus. Hence statement 2 is incorrect.
• It is a member of the Henipavirus genus, which is part of the Paramyxoviridae family. 
• The infected person shows fever, head pain, muscle aches, nausea, and a scratchy throat.
• It shows symptoms such as dizziness, drowsiness, and neurological signs suggestive of acute encephalitis may appear.
• Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Immunohistochemistry (IHC), Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and Serum neutralisation test (SNT) are some tests available to detect the virus.
• There is currently no known treatment or vaccine available for humans or animals. Hence statement 3 is correct.

However, Ribavirin, an antiviral, may play a role in lowering mortality in patients with Nipah virus encephalitis. The main approach to managing the infection in people is intensive supportive care combined with symptom treatment.

Solution (c)

Explanation:

Context: The Prime Minister launched Subhadra Yojana, a women-centric scheme of the Odisha government.

• Under the SUBHADRA Scheme, all eligible beneficiaries between the age group of 21-60 years would receive ₹50,000 over a period of five years between 2024-25 to 2028-29. Hence statement 1 is correct.
• It is named after Goddess Subhadra, the younger sibling of Lord Jagannath, the presiding deity of Odisha.
• The government has made e-KYC mandatory for the scheme. A Subhadra Debit Card will be issued to the beneficiaries.
• A total of 100 beneficiaries with the highest number of digital transactions in each gram panchayat and urban local body area will receive an additional incentive of Rs 500.
• Women from economically well-off families, government employees, and income-tax payees will not be eligible for the scheme.
• Women who receive assistance of Rs 1,500 or more per month (or Rs 18,000 or more per year) under any other government scheme will also be excluded.

An amount of ₹10,000 per annum in two equal instalments will be credited directly to the beneficiary’s Aadhaar-enabled and DBT-enabled bank account. Hence statement 2 is correct.

Solution (d)

Explanation:

Context: While Typhoon Yagi has severely impacted multiple countries, including the Philippines, China, Laos, Myanmar, and Thailand, it has hit Vietnam the hardest, where the death toll stands at around 233.

• NASA states that there is no actual difference between a cyclone, hurricanes, and typhoons. The three weather phenomena are the same thing, with each storm having a wind speed of more than 119 km/h (74 mph). The only difference between the three is that their names vary depending on where in the world the storm occurs. 
• A hurricane is the name given to a tropical storm when it occurs in the Northeast Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans. Hence statement 1 is incorrect.
• Hurricanes frequently affect the Caribbean and the eastern coast of the United States. 
• A typhoon is the name given to a tropical storm when it occurs in the Northwest Pacific Ocean. Hence statement 2 is incorrect.
• Typhoons commonly affect Japan and the Philippines
• A cyclone is the name given to a tropical storm when it occurs in the South Pacific and the Indian Ocean.

Solution (d)

Explanation:

Context: Delhi hosted a first-of-its-kind dialogue on the conservation, restoration, and governance of common resources such as forests, community lands, and water bodies like lakes or rivers, all usually referred to just as Commons. 

• Commons is a term used to refer to resources that are not owned by any individual or group or the government, but belong to, and are shared by, the community as a whole. Hence statement 1 is correct.
• Commons could be intangible too. Language, folk art or dance, local customs, and traditional knowledge are all shared resources and thus are Commons. 
• Some examples of commons include forests, local ponds, grazing lands, rivers, and sacred sites. Hence statement 2 is correct.
• At the international level, the polar regions, the Arctic and Antarctica, are considered global Commons.
• Outer space, the Moon, and other planetary bodies are also global Commons.
• In the digital age, most Internet and open-source software are Commons.
• No country is allowed to take ownership of these areas, even though everyone can use them for certain kinds of activities. Hence statement 3 is correct.

Solution (b)

Explanation:

Statement (1) is incorrect. The passage mentions, “Despite these mammoth law-making bodies, they lack their own common public recruiting and training agency at the national level”. Also “A common service can build a combined and experienced legislative staff cadre, enabling them to serve from across local bodies to the Union Parliament”. So, the passage mentions that it is not a decentralized system of recruitment and training, but a common system of public recruiting and training agency at the national level that is needed for competent and robust legislative institutions and their functioning. Hence, this answer option is incorrect. 

Statement (2) is correct. It is given in the passage, “The growth of modern government and expansion of governmental activities require a matching development and laborious legislative exercise. A common service can build a combined and experienced legislative staff cadre, enabling them to serve from across local bodies to the Union Parliament”. So it can be implied that there is a need for all-India legislative services that will fulfill the mandate of maximum governance from local bodies to Parliament level. These arguments are aptly captured in this answer option. 

Statement (3) is incorrect. The passage is advocating for a common public recruiting and training agency at the national level. It is also mentioned that a qualified and well-trained staff will ensure a competent and robust legislative institution. But there is nothing mentioned about ‘red-tapism’ and cumbersome processes‘. So, this statement is incorrect. 

Statement (4) is correct. The passage mentions “Despite these mammoth law-making bodies, they lack their own common public recruiting and training agency at the national level. Ensuring competent and robust legislative institutions demands having qualified and well-trained staff in place. A common service can build a combined and experienced legislative staff cadre, enabling them to serve from across local bodies to the Union Parliament”. So, it can be implied that enhancing governmental activities necessitates strengthening the legislative institutions by common public recruiting agencies. And from the phrase “to serve” it can be inferred that they will ensure effective policy making. So, this statement is correct. 

Solution (c)

=> Single digit numbers: 1, 3 or 5: Three numbers
=> Two–digit numbers: Units digit = 1, 3 or 5. For the tens’ digit, there are 5 choices {anything apart from what went into the units digit}. So, there will be 3 × 5 = 15 such numbers.
=> Three–digit numbers: Units digit = 1, 3 or 5. For the tens’ digit, there are 5 choices {anything apart from what went into the units digit}. For the 100s’ digit, there are 4 choices {anything apart from what went into the units digit or tens digit}. So, there will be 3 * 5 * 4 = 60 such numbers.
=> 4–digit numbers: There will be 3 * 5 * 4 * 3 = 180 numbers.
=> 5–digit numbers: There will be 3 * 5 * 4 * 3 * 2 = 360 numbers.
=> 6–digit numbers: There will be 3 * 5 * 4 * 3 * 2 * 1 = 360 numbers.

Total number of numbers = 360 + 360 + 180 + 60 + 15 + 3 = 978

Solution (b)

Explanation:

We can draw the following Venn diagrams based on the information provided in the question.

Using the diagrams given above we can visualize that only II follows.

Solution (b) 

Explanation:

Option (a) is incorrect. The passage does not mention anything about newer methods of Urban agriculture. Therefore, this option is not the central idea of the passage. 

Option (b) is correct. The lines “For all the bucolic if not romanticized portrayals of farming and a rural lifestyle, it is a thankless, risky, and even back-breaking job, especially as undertaken by the masses, which is subsistence agriculture… Younger generations do not want to follow their parents‟ footsteps, which pushes urbanization.”. It reflects that agriculture needs incentivization. Hence, this best reflects the central idea of the passage.

 Option (c) is incorrect. The line “One bad yield, whether due to errant rains, pests, etc., and most farmers have no buffer available”. This line does not present any specific cause for loss of yield. It just mentions the consequences. Hence this is not the central idea of the passage. 

Option (d) is incorrect. The lines “Younger generations do not want to follow their parents‟ footsteps, which pushes urbanization”. These lines talk only about migration and not about job creation. So, this statement is not the central idea of the passage. Also, the use of the word „must‟ makes it rather extreme. 

Solution (a)

Explanation:

The last 3 digits of the number would determine the remainder when it is divided by 8. The number upto the 120th digit would be 1234567891011… 646. 646 divided by 8 gives us a remainder of 6.