[DAY 15] 60 DAY RAPID REVISION (RaRe) SERIES for UPSC Prelims 2023 – HISTORY, CURRENT AFFAIRS & CSAT TEST SERIES!

Solution (a)

Explanation:

• The Welby Commission was set up by the British Government to investigate wasteful spending in India. Established in 1895, its official name was the Royal Commission on the Administration of Expenditure of India. (Hence statement 1 is incorrect)
• The Commission membership included: Lord Welby, Lord Chaman, T.R. Buchanan, William Wedderburn, William S. Caine and Dadabhai Naoroji. (Hence statement 2 is correct).
• The report was published in 1900.
• The Commission called for the British House of Commons to ensure impartiality of financial arrangements.
• In 1897 Gopal Krishna Gokhale deposed before the Commission.
• His evidence was noted for his analysis of the leading facts in the history of Indian finance.
• Richard Strachey Commission of 1880 was created to develop a general strategy and principles to deal with the famines. It was the first Famine commission and was constituted during the period of Lord Lytton.

Solution (d)

Explanation:

• Essay on Indian Economy is a collection of twelve essays that have write-ups and speeches by the Indian scholar and social reformer, Mahadev Govind Ranade. (Hence Pair 1 is correct)
• Romesh Chunder Dutt was an Indian civil servant and writer. The famous book “Economic History of India” was written by him. He is the translator of Ramayana and Mahabharata. (Hence Pair 2 is correct)
• Dadabhai Naoroji wrote the book called “Poverty and Un-British Rule in India” where he criticised the economic impact of the British rule. (Hence Pair 3 is correct)

Solution (b)

Explanation:

• The Ghadar Party was a revolutionary organization with its headquarter in San Francisco and was centered on the weekly journal “The Ghadar.” (Hence statement 2 is incorrect)
• The majority of these revolutionaries were ex-soldiers and peasants who had moved to the USA and Canada from Punjab in pursuit of better job possibilities.
• The Ghadar Movement was an early 20th century, international political movement founded by non native Indians to overthrow British rule in India.
• Baba Sohan Singh Bhakna and Lala Hardayal was an Indian revolutionary, the founding president of the Ghadar Party.
• The Ghadar party was inspired from the Komagata Maru incident, which denied entry of Indians in Canada. (Hence statement 1 is correct)
• This group organized around a weekly Newspaper ‘the Ghadar’. On 1st November 1913 the first issue of Ghadar in Urdu was published and on 9 December, the Gurmukhi script edition.
• The most powerful impact was made by the poems that appeared in the Ghadar, soon collected and published as Ghadar di Goonj and distributed free of cost. These poems were marked as much by their secular tone as by their revolutionary zeal. (Hence statement 3 is correct)

Solution (b)

Explanation:

• On 28 December 1885, the Indian National Congress was founded at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College in Bombay, with 72 delegates in attendance. Hume assumed office as the General Secretary, and Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee of Calcutta was elected president.
• The first session was attended by lawyers, doctors and journalists. There was negligible participation from peasants. (Hence statement 3 is incorrect)
• In 1888, Dufferin, the Viceroy, attacked the Indian National Congress in a public speech and ridiculed it as representing only the elite ‘a microscopic minority.’ George Hamilton, Secretary of State for India, accused the Congress leaders of possessing ‘seditious and double sided character.’ (Hence statement 2 is correct)
• Lala Lajpat Rai believed in the ‘Safety Valve’ theory behind the formation of the Indian National Congress. (Hence statement 1 is correct)

Solution (d)

Explanation:

• Dadabhai Naoroji, known as the ‘Grand Old Man of Indian Nationalism’, was a prominent early nationalist.
• He was elected to the Bombay Municipal Corporation and Town Council during the 1870s. Elected to the British Parliament in 1892, he founded the India Society (1865) and the East India Association (1866) in London. He was elected thrice as the President of the Indian National Congress (INC). (Hence statements 1 and 2 are correct)
• His major contribution to the Indian nationalist movement was his book Poverty and Un-British Rule in India (1901). In this book, he put forward the concept of ‘drain of wealth’. He stated that in any country the tax raised would have been spent for the wellbeing of the people of that country. But in British India, taxes collected in India were spent for the welfare of England.
• Dadabhai Naoroji founded and edited two journals called Voice of India and Rast Goftar.
• Dada Bhai Naoroji participated in the International Socialist Congress in 1904 where he put forward the demand for self- government and treatment of India like other British colonies. (Hence statement 3 is correct)

Solution (b)

Explanation:

• The Lucknow session of the Indian National Congress (1916) presided over by a moderate, Ambika Charan Majumdar, finally re- admitted the extremists led by Tilak to the Congress fold.
• Lucknow Pact, (December 1916), agreement made by the Indian National Congress headed by Bal Gangadhar Tilak and the All-India Muslim League led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah. It was adopted by the Congress at its Lucknow session on December 29 and by the league on Dec. 31, 1916. Tilak was the main architect of the Lucknow Pact. (Hence statement 3 is incorrect)
• The meeting at Lucknow marked the reunion of the moderate and radical wings of the Congress. The pact dealt both with the structure of the government of India and with the relation of the Hindu and Muslim communities. The Lucknow Pact between the Congress and the Muslim League could be considered as an important event in the course of the nationalistic struggle for freedom.
• While the League agreed to present joint constitutional demands with the Congress to the government, the Congress accepted the Muslim League’s position on separate electorates which would continue till any one community demanded joint electorates. The Muslims were also granted a fixed proportion of seats in the legislatures at all-India and provincial levels. (Hence statement 1 is correct)
• In the Pact Muslim league accepted the idea of Swaraj. (Hence statement 3 is correct)

Solution (d)

Explanation:

• Bala Gangadahar Tilak reverentially remembered by the Indians as Lokmanya and the ‘Uncrowned King of India’, played a leading part in popularizing the cult of patriotism and making the Congress movement broad-based.
• Tilak planned, in collaboration with Agarkar, the establishment of institutions to impart cheap education to the people. In 1890, the Poona New English School was founded. He was also associated in the formation of the Deccan Educational Society and the foundation of the Fergusson College, Poona. (Hence statement 1 is correct)
• Tilak was the first nationalist leader who sought close contact with the masses. With that view Tilak started akharas, lathi clubs and anti-cow-killing societies. (Hence statement 4 is corrcet)
• Shivaji and Ganpati festivals were started to inculcate among the people the spirit of service to the nation. He also started two newspapers ‘The Maharatta’ (English) and ‘Kesari’ (Marathi) to propagate his views.
• Tilak was the first again to openly declare the demand of Swaraj. ‘Swaraj is my birth right and I shall have it’. It was mostly due to his efforts and those associates that Congress resolution at Calcutta (1906) demanding Self- Government, Boycott and National Education was passed.
• The Anglo-Indian bureaucracy thought Tilak as a seditionist and Sir Valentine Chirol called him the ‘Father of Unrest in India’. Tilak sued Chirol for defamation and went to England in this connection. Although the case was lost, it opened his eyes to the real character of British rule in India. (Hence statement 2 is correct).
• Tilak authored two books – The Arctic Home in the Vedas and Gita Rahasya. . (Hence statement 3 is correct).

Solution (b)

Explanation:

• The Indian National Social Conference Founded by G. Ranade and Raghunath Rao, the Indian Social Conference met annually from its first session in Madras in 1887 at the same time and venue as the Indian National Congress. (Hence statement 1 is incorrect)
• It focused attention on the social issues of importance; it could be called the social reform cell of the Indian National Congress, in fact. The Conference advocated inter-caste marriages, opposed polygamy and kulinism.  It launched the ‘Pledge Movement’ to inspire people to take a pledge against child marriage. (Hence statement 2 is correct)

Solution (a)

Explanation:

• In 1910, Sarla Devi Chaudhurani convened the first meeting of the Bharat Stree Mahamandal in Considered as the first major Indian women’s organisation set up by a woman.
• Its objectives included promotion of education for women, abolition of the purdah system and improvement in the socio-economic and political status of women all over India. (Hence statement 1 is correct)
• Ramabai Ranade founded the Ladies Social Conference (Bharat Mahila Parishad), under the parent organisation National Social Conference, in 1904 in Bombay. (Hence statement 2 is correct)
• Pandita Ramabai Saraswati founded the Arya Mahila Samaj to serve the cause of women. She pleaded for improvement in the educational syllabus of Indian women before the English Education Commission, which was referred to Queen Victoria. This resulted in medical education for women, which started in Lady Dufferin College. Later Ramabai Ranade established a branch of Arya Mahila Samaj in Bombay.
• Kadambini Ganguly was in the first woman in the British Empire to receive a BA, thus also the first woman graduate of Calcutta University. She was also one of first lady doctors of India. She was the first doctor of Bengal and the first woman delegate to address the Indian National Congress. (Hence statement 3 is incorrect).

Solution (c)

Explanation:

• The Surat Session of the Indian National Congress in 1907 is infamously known as the Surat Split. The Congress leaders split into two due to growing differences between the Moderates and Extremist factions within the Congress. Due to the political atmosphere created by the Partition of Bengal, a section of Political activists known as the Extremists started to become increasingly dissatisfied with the methods adopted by the moderate leadership.
• Due to widening of these differences the Congress party split into two factions at Surat in 1907. The immediate cause of the split was the election of Rashbehari Ghosh as the President of the INC, as opposed to the demands of the Extremists who wanted either Lala Lajpat Rai of Bal Gangadhar Tilak to be elected as President. This finalized the split within the Congress. (Hence statement 1 is correct)
• Swaraj was declared as the goal of the National Movement by Dadabhai Naraoji at the Calcutta Session of Congress in 1906. (Hence statement 3 is incorrect)
• IThe Extremist wanted to pass resolutions on Boycott and Swadeshi Movement as well as National Movement, however this was not supported by the Moderate leaders. (Hence statement 2 is incorrect)
• After the split, the extremist faction led by the Lal-Bal-Pal trio was expelled from Congress.

Solution (b)

Explanation:

• Gandhiji returned to India in January, 1915. He decided not to take any position on any political matter for at least one year. However, he had no such opinion that it was too early to demand for Swaraj. (Hence statement 1 is not a reason)
• He was convinced about the limitations of the moderate politics and was not in favour of the Home Rule agitation, which was becoming popular at that time. (Hence statement 2 is not a reason)
• He thought that it was not the best time to agitate for the Home Rule, when Britain was in the middle of a war. He was convinced that the only technique capable of meeting the nationalist aims was a non-violent Satyagraha. (Hence statement 3 is correct reason)

Solution (a)

Explanation:

• The Home Rule League Programme – The aim was to be achieved by promoting political education and discussions through public meetings, organizing libraries and reading rooms containing books on national politics, holding conferences, organizing classes for the students on politics, carrying out propaganda through newspapers, pamphlets, posters, illustrated postcards, plays, religious songs, etc., collecting funds, organizing social work and participating in the local government activities.
• The Russian Revolution of 1917 proved to be an added advantage for the Home Rule campaign. (Hence statement 1 is correct)
• The Home Rule agitation was later joined by Motilal Nehru, Jawaharlal Nehru, Bhulabhai Desai, Chittaranjan Das, Madan Mohan Malaviya, Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Tej Bahadur Sapru and Lala Lajpat Rai. Some of these leaders became the heads of the local branches. . (Hence statement 2 is correct)
• Many of the Moderate Congressmen, who were disillusioned with Congress inactivity and some members of Gokhale’s Servants of India Society, also joined the agitation. . (Hence statement 3 is correct)
• However, the Anglo-Indians, most of the Muslims and non-Brahmins from the south did not join, as they felt that Home Rule would mean rule of the Hindu majority and that too mainly by the high caste. . (Hence statement 4 is incorrect)

Solution: c)

Explanation:

• Gopal Krishna Gokhale was an outstanding intellectual who had been carefully trained in Indian economics by Justice Ranade and G.V. Josh.
• Gokhale founded ‘Servants of India Society’and also served as Secretary of the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha and the editor of the Sudharak. (. (Hence statements 1 and 3 are correct)
• Proud of his legislative achievement, Indian people conferred him with the title of ‘The Leader of the Opposition’. (Hence statement 4 is correct)
• He started an English weekly newspaper ‘Hitawada. (Swadesamitran a Tamil newspapers was founded by Indian nationalist G. Subramania Iyer four years after he had started The Hindu.) (Hence statement 2 is incorrect)

Solution (d)

Explanation:

The Lucknow Session of the Indian National Congress (1916): Readmission of the Extremists to the Congress – The Lucknow Session of the Indian National Congress, presided over by a Moderate, Ambika Charan Majumdar, finally re-admitted the Extremists, led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, to the Congress fold. Various factors facilitated this reunion:

• Old controversies had become meaningless now.
• Both the Moderates and the Extremists realized that the split had led to political inactivity. . (Hence statement 1 is correct)
• Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak had made vigorous efforts for the reunion. To allay Moderate suspicions, Tilak had declared that he supported a reform of administration and not an overthrow of the government. He also denounced the acts of violence. (Hence statement 2 is correct)
• The death of two Moderates, Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Pheroz shah Mehta, who had led the Moderate opposition to the Extremists, facilitated the reunion. (Hence statement 3 is correct)

Solution (c)

Explanation:

• In pursuance of his reactionary policies in India Lord Curzon announced the partition of Bengal in December 1903 which took effect on 16 October 1905. A massive anti-partition movement was started in Bengal which evolved into the Swadeshi and Boycott movement. The formal proclamation of the Swadeshi Movement was, made on the 7 August 1905, in meeting held at the Calcutta town hall. At this meeting the famous Boycott Resolution was passed. (Hence option a) is correct.
• Samitis (corps of volunteers) helped in mobilization of the mass to support the Swadeshi Movement. The samitis took the swadeshi message to the villages through magic lantern lectures and swadeshi songs, gave physical and moral training to the members, did social work during famines and epidemics, organized schools, training in swadeshi craft and organised arbitration courts. The Swadesh Bandhab Samiti of Ashwini Kumar Dutt is such prominent example. Hence option b) is correct.
• Indian National Congress took up the Swadeshi call and at the 1905 Banaras Session, presided over by G.K. Gokhale, a resolution supporting the Swadeshi and Boycott Movement for Bengal was passed. During Swadeshi Movement the big zamindars, who had so far remained loyal to the Raj, joined forces with the Congress leaders in support of the movement. Hence option c) is not correct.
• A very important characteristic of the Movement is the active participation of women in the movement; it marked the first instance of women participating in large numbers in the national movement. The woman of the urban middle class came out in large numbers and participated in the Swadeshi movement they carried out positions and picketing work. Hence option d) is correct.

Solution (a)

Explanation:

• Rash Behari Bose was one of the most prominent leaders of Indian National Movement especially during the extremist phase. He was one of the masterminds behind the Delhi conspiracy case, was elected as the Congress president, participated in the Ghadar movement
• The Delhi Conspiracy Case involved an assassination attempt of Lord Hardinge in Chandni Chowk (Delhi). (Hence statement 1 is incorrect)
• On the occasion of official entry into new capital during the shift of capital from Calcutta to Delhi, in 1912. Lord Hardinge who was wounded by the bomb thrown at him while he was riding an elephant in a state procession. Rash Behari Bose and Sachin Sanyal were the two masterminds of this conspiracy.
• Rash Behari Gosh was also elected as the President of Indian National Congress during 1907 session at Surat where Congress got split into the moderates and the extremists. Not Rash Behari Bose. (Hence statement 2 is Incorrect)
• B.Bose established Indian Independence league in Japan. (Hence statement 3 is correct)
• While in Japan Bose persuaded the Japanese authorities for their support to the cause of India’s freedom struggle. He established Indian Independence league in 1942, the leadership of which was later resumed by Subash Chandra Bose.

Solution (a)

Explanation:

• The first political murder of Europeans was committed at Poona on 22 June 1897 by the Chapekar Brothers. (Hence statement 1 is correct)
• The target of the attacks was Mr. Rand, the President of the Plague Committee at Poona, but Lt. Ayerst was shot accidentally.
• The provocation was the tyranny of the Plague Committee on sending soldiers to inspect houses of civilians for plagues afflicted persons. The Chapekar Brothers were caught, convicted and hanged. (Hence statement 2 is correct)
• The authorities also implicated Tilak and prosecuted him for seditious writings against the British Government. Tilak was awarded 18 months of rigorous imprisonment. (Hence statement 3 is incorrect)

Solution (a)

Explanation:

• Jyotirao Phule founded the Satyashodhak Samaj (The Truth Seekers’ Society) in 1873, with the leadership of the Samaj coming from the backward classes, malis, telis, kunbis, saris and dhangars. The main aims of the movement were (i) social service; and (ii) spread of education among women and lower caste people. Phule’s works, Sarvajanik Satyadharma and Gulamgiri, became sources of inspiration for the common masses. (Hence pair 1 is correct)
• Gopal Ganesh Agarkar (1856-1895) was an educationist and social reformer from Maharashtra. A strong advocate of the power of human reason, he criticized the blind dependence on tradition and false glorification of the past. He was a cofounder of the New English School, the Deccan Education Society and Fergusson College. He was the Principal of Fergusson College. (Hence pair 2 is incorrectly matched)
• Gopal Krishna Gokhale (1866-1915), a liberal leader of the Indian National Congress, founded the Servants of India Society in 1905, with the help of M.G. Ranade. The aim of the Society was to train the national missionaries for the service of India; to promote, by all constitutional means, the true interests of the Indian people; and to prepare a cadre of selfless workers, who were to devote their lives to the cause of the country in a religious spirit. (Hence pair 3 is incorrectly matched)

Solution (d)

Explanation:

• Three names stand out among the large number of Indians who initiated and carried out the economic analysis of the British rule during the years 1870-1905.
• The tallest of the three was Dadabhai Naoroji, known in the pre-Gandhian era as the Grand Old Man of India. Born in 1825, he became a successful businessman, but devoted his entire life and wealth to the creation of a National Movement in India.
• His near contemporary Justice Mahadev Govind Ranade taught an entire generation of Indians the value of modern industrial development. Romesh Chandra Dutt, a retired ICS officer, published The Economic History of India at the beginning of the 20th century, in which he examined in minute detail the entire economic record of the colonial rule since 1757.

Solution (a)

Explanation:

Moderates:

• Their social base was zamindars and upper-middle classes in towns. (Hence, statement 1 is correct)
• Their ideological inspiration was European history and they were of thought, Western liberal.
• They believed that the political connections with Britain are in the interest of India, social, political and cultural interests. (Hence statement 3 is incorrect)
• They professed loyalty towards the British crown.
• They believe that the moment should be limited to middle-class people and intelligentsia.
• They demanded constitutional reforms and share for Indians in the civil services. (Hence, statement 2 is correct)
• They insisted on the use of constitutional methods only.
• Some famous moderate leaders are Surendranath Banarjee, Dadabai Naoroji, Pheroze shah Mehta, Gopalakrishna Gokhale and M. G. Ranade.

Solution (d)

Explanation:

Statement 1 – Incorrect, Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerator or IAD in short is designed and developed by ISRO’s Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), IAD is a game-changer with multiple applications for future missions including to Mars and Venus.

Statement 2 – Incorrect, IAD is a technique used for an atmospheric entry payload. An inflatable envelope and an inflatant (anything that inflates the envelope, like air or helium) make up the inflatable aerodynamic decelerator. While entering the atmosphere, it inflates like a balloon and decelerates the lander. It has nothing to do with missiles

Statement 3 – Incorrect, IAD is designed to increase drag upon entering the atmosphere of any planetary body, like Earth, Mars, or even Moon. Its shape is maintained by a closed, gas-pressured body and the inflatant gas is also generated internally.

Source: CLICK HERE

Solution (b)

Explanation:

Statement 1 – Incorrect, Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air Missile system (QRSAM) is a short range surface-to-air missile (SAM) system

Statement 2 – Correct, The QRSAM weapon ensemble which functions on the move consists of a fully automated command and control system.

Statement 3 – Correct, It is primarily designed and developed by DRDO to provide a protective shield to moving armoured columns of the Army from enemy aerial attacks. It has been designed for induction into the Army and has a range of 25 to 30 km.

Source: CLICK HERE

Solution (a)

Explanation:

Statement 1 – Correct, The experiment aims to produce oxygen from the Martian carbon-dioxide atmosphere.

Statement 2 – Incorrect, It was launched as part of NASA’s Perseverance rover mission and has been successfully making oxygen from the planet’s carbon-dioxide-rich atmosphere since it landed there in 2021.

Source: CLICK HERE

Solution (a)

Explanation:

The report entitled “Progress on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG): The Gender Snapshot 2022” was launched by United Nations (UN) Women and the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA). The report highlighted that Sustainable Development Goal-5 (SDG-5), or achieving gender equality, will not be met by 2030 at the current pace of progress.

Source: CLICK HERE

Solution (b)

Explanation:

Statement 1 – Incorrect, EU-India green hydrogen forum was organized jointly by the Delegation of the European Union and the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, in cooperation with the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) and Hydrogen Europe.

Statement 2 – Correct, The Forum provides a platform for the exchange of best practices, policy frameworks and production and application technologies for renewable hydrogen as well as opportunities for EU-India cooperation in this area. It also provides for the legal requirements for the certification of renewable hydrogen and research and innovation.

Source: CLICK HERE

Solution (d)

Explanation:

A’s 7 days work = 7/14 = 50%

B’s 7 days work = 7/20 = 35%

C’s 2 days work = 15%     [100- (50+35)]

Ratio of contribution of work of A, B and C = 50 : 35 : 15 = 10: 7 : 3

Solution (a)

Explanation:

W = MDH (formula)

Where, W = work; M = man (number of persons); D = days (number of days); H = hours (hours per day)

So, 60×9×27=30×162×X

(X= hours a day needed by each of the 30 men)

⇒ X = 60×9×27/30×162

= 3 hours.

Solution (d)

Explanation:

Each worker does his task at same rate as any other worker; and rates are additive. If one worker works at rate ‘r’ , then two workers at once work at r + r.

Let the actual number of workers be Y, Y workers can complete the work in 10 days.

Rate of work done by 1 worker per day = 1/10Y ……(1)

(Y – 5) workers can complete the work in 12 days.

In that case, rate of work done by 1 worker per day will be = 1 /(Y−5) x (12) ……….(2)

Since both rate are equal because workers with same efficiency are working in both conditions. Equating (1) and (2) we get

1/10Y = 1/(Y−5) x (12)

10Y = (Y-5) x 12

10Y = 12Y – 60

2Y = 60

Y = 60/2 = 30 members were originally there in the team.

Solution (d)

Explanation:

Let 1 boy’s 1 day’s work = x (i.e. efficiency of 1 boy = ‘x’ units/day) and

1 girl’s 1 day’s work = y (i.e. efficiency of 1 girl = ‘y’ units/day).

Then, 9x + 12y = 1/15 ………………І

(9 boys’ & 12 girls’ 1 day’s work)

39x + 72y = 1/3 ………….…ІІ

(39 boys’ & 72 girls’ 1 day’s work).

Multiplying equation І by 6 and then subtracting equation ІІ from it, we get,

x = 1/225.

Putting the value of x in either equation І or equation ІІ will yield

y = 1/450.

So, 20 boys’ and 5 girls’ 1 day’s work

= 20/225 + 5/450

= 1/10.

Since 1/10 part is performed in 1 day.

So, 1 part is performed in 1/(1/10) day,i.e. 10 days.

Solution (c)

Explanation:

According to the passage, the best suited title for the passage is Religion and Patriotism. Explanation: The Tile which is best suited as per the passage is “Religion and Patriotism”. The narrative and liturgical nature of patriotism makes its place firmly in the sphere of religion. Therefore, it is theology and not ethnicity, politics, geography, or law that gives the best lens by using which we can critically observe nationalism and patriotism. Hence, the correct answer is option c.