Ethics Theory, TLP-UPSC Mains Answer Writing
Q.1. “The ethical conduct of an individual is shaped by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors.” Discuss the key determinants of ethics in human behavior. (150 words, 10 marks)
Introduction
Ethical behavior arises from both inner virtues and external influences. While values anchor us internally, society, law, and upbringing continuously shape how we act in morally relevant situations.
Body
Intrinsic Determinants – The Inner Compass
“What lies behind us and what lies before us are tiny matters compared to what lies within us.” – Ralph Waldo Emerson
- Conscience : It acts as an inner moral compass guiding decisions privately.
Example: Gandhi followed his inner voice in difficult choices. - Personal Values and virtues : Core values like honesty shape ethical consistency.
Example: U. Sagayam IAS upheld honesty despite political pressures. - Moral Reasoning : It helps balance conflicting values in grey zones.
Example: Socrates encouraged critical reflection for moral decisions. - Emotional Intelligence : Empathy and self-awareness aid fair decisions.
Example: Empathy-driven leadership during disasters helps public welfare.
Extrinsic Factors – The Outer Influences
“Man is not born moral; he becomes moral only in a society.” – Emile Durkheim
- Family : Early moral training sets a lifelong foundation.
Example: A.P.J. Abdul Kalam’s integrity stemmed from his disciplined upbringing. - Education System : Moral education fosters civic ethics.
Example: School initiatives like Sankalp Patra promote honesty. - Laws and Social Norms : They shape behavior through deterrence and approval.
Example: RTI Act 2005 boosted transparency in governance. - Professional Codes and Peer Influence : Institutional rules and peer conduct reinforce ethics.
Example: Civil service conduct rules promote neutrality.
Interplay of Intrinsic & Extrinsic Factors
Ethical choices often emerge from a conflict or balance between inner values and external pressures. Examples are as follows:
- Manjunath (IOC officer) stood by internal integrity despite a corrupt external environment.
- A traffic policeman letting off a violator due to political pressure shows external override of weak intrinsic values.
Conclusion
Ethical conduct is not accidental; it is cultivated through the alignment of personal conscience and societal influences. A balanced ethical character emerges when both determinants reinforce each other consistently.
