Ethics Theory, TLP-UPSC Mains Answer Writing
Q. 3. Compare and contrast the timber industry in tropical and temperate regions with respect to forest type, extraction methods, and environmental impact. (150 words, 10 marks)
Introduction
The timber industry varies significantly between tropical and temperate regions due to differences in ecology, governance, and economic practices. Below is a comparative analysis across key dimensions.
Body
Comparison of Timber Industry: Tropical vs Temperate Regions
| Aspect Tropical Regions Temperate Regions | ||
| Forest Type | Dense, evergreen, multilayered forests with high biodiversity.
(e.g. teak, mahogany) |
Deciduous or coniferous forests with fewer species and more uniform stands. (e.g. pine, oak) |
| Extraction
Methods |
Selective logging using manual/semi-mechanized tools; often informal or illegal | Mechanized logging (clear-cutting, shelterwood); more planned and regulated |
| Infrastructure | Poor access and monitoring; difficult terrain | Well-developed transport and monitoring systems |
| Biodiversity
Impact |
High species loss; slow regeneration; habitat fragmentation | Lower species impact; some loss in habitat but often reversible |
| Soil & Water Impact | Severe erosion, increased runoff, disruption of nutrient cycles | Controlled erosion; watershed occasionally affected by clear cutting |
| Carbon
Footprint |
Major contributor to global carbon emissions from deforestation | Lesser emissions; carbon offset through reforestation efforts |
| Governance & Policy | Weak enforcement of regulations; corruption common | Stronger legal frameworks and better policy enforcement |
| Sustainability | Low due to illegal logging and overexploitation | Higher due to regulated practices and sustainable forest management |
Conclusion
Tropical regions face greater ecological and governance challenges, while temperate forestry benefits from better management. Ensuring global timber sustainability requires bridging this gap through policy reforms, responsible trade, and stronger international cooperation.
