Ethics Theory, TLP-UPSC Mains Answer Writing
Q. 2. “Development and welfare schemes for the vulnerable, by their nature, are discriminatory in approach.” Do you agree? Give reasons. (150 words, 10 marks)
Introduction
Development and welfare schemes often target specific vulnerable groups, which may seem discriminatory. However, such targeted interventions are essential to ensure equitable access to opportunities and address deep-rooted historical and structural disadvantages.
Body
Why Development Schemes Appear Discriminatory
- Non-universal Nature: schemes are often designed with strict eligibility criteria based on caste, gender, income, or region. Example: Post-Matric Scholarship for SCs excludes other groups despite similar needs.
- Targeted Beneficiary Focus: many schemes reserve benefits for certain social groups, leaving others outside the ambit. Example: Pradhan Mantri Janjatiya Vikas Mission is specifically for tribals, excluding other poor groups.
- Affirmative Action Based on Identity: policies like reservations are designed around social identity rather than individual merit. Example: 10% EWS reservation is based purely on economic criteria, unlike identity based quotas for SCs and STs.
- Perception of Unfair Resource Allocation: preferential treatment may lead to resentment in competitive environments. Example: Some economically backward students from general categories feel excluded from pre-matric scholarships.
Why Targeted Schemes are Justified and Necessary
- Correcting Historical Injustices: they help redress centuries of marginalisation and social exclusion. Example: Vanbandhu Kalyan Yojana seeks to bridge development gaps for Scheduled Tribes in remote regions.
- Promoting Social Inclusion: they ensure the participation of vulnerable groups in public life and development. Example: National Fellowship for SC students promotes higher education among underrepresented communities.
- Enhancing Human Capabilities: schemes improve access to basic services like housing, nutrition, and healthcare. Example: National Health Mission aims to reduce disparities in health indicators among rural and tribal populations.
- National Development through Empowerment: harnessing the potential of the marginalised boosts inclusive growth. Example: National Urban Livelihoods Mission trains urban poor, especially women and SC/ST, for job opportunities.
Way Forward
- Data-Driven Targeting: use socio-economic and caste census data to identify true beneficiaries irrespective of caste or religion.
- Sunset Clause for Benefits: as recommended by the 2nd ARC, introduce time-bound support with periodic review to avoid permanent entitlements.
- Geographic Targeting Over Identity: focus on backward districts and deprived blocks regardless of caste or religion.
- Sensitisation and Awareness Campaigns: educate the public on the rationale behind affirmative action to reduce resentment and promote solidarity.
Conclusion
Though welfare schemes may seem discriminatory, they uphold the spirit of equality in Article 15(4). In a deeply unequal society, targeted development is not exclusion—it is essential to ensure fair opportunity and inclusive growth.
