[DAY 4] 60 DAY RAPID REVISION (RaRe) SERIES for UPSC Prelims 2025 – HISTORY, CURRENT AFFAIRS & CSAT TEST SERIES!

Solution (c)

Explanation:

• Sannyasi rebellion commenced in the mid-1760s. It took the Company state almost four decades to quell the ‘disturbances’ they caused and the ‘violence’ they perpetuated on the countryside of Bengal. It was also known as Fakir Rebellion. Hence, statement 1 is correct.

• The Sannyasi rebellion was a revolt by sannyasis, sadhus (Hindu ascetics) and faqirs in Bengal, India in the late 18th century. It witnessed equal participation of Hindus and Muslims. Some historians refer to it as an early war for India’s independence from foreign rule, since the right to collect tax had been given to the British East India Company after the Battle of Buxar in 1764. Hence, statement 2 is correct.

Anandamath, a semi-historical novel by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, is based on the Sanyasi Revolt. Bankim Chandra also wrote a novel, Devi Chaudhurani, as he saw the importance of women too taking up the struggle against an alien rule that posed a threat to traditional Indian values. Hence, statement 3 is correct.

Solution (b)

Explanation:

• The Paika Rebellion, also called the Paika Bidroha was an early armed rebellion against Company rule in India in 1817. It took place in Odisha because the English Company’s conquest of Odisha in 1803, and the dethronement of the Raja of Khurda had greatly reduced the power and prestige of the Paiks. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.

• The Paiks of Odisha were the traditional landed militia (‘foot soldiers’ literally) of the Gajapati rulers of Odisha. They enjoyed rent free land tenures for their military service and policing functions on a hereditary basis. They were organised into three ranks distinguished by their occupation and the weapons they wielded. Hence, statement 2 is correct.

The Paikas rose in rebellion under their leader Bakshi Jagabandhu and projecting Lord Jagannath as the symbol of Odia unity, the rebellion quickly spread across most of Odisha before being put down by the Company’s forces. Hence, statement 3 is correct.

Solution (d)

Explanation:

• The Wahabi Movement was essentially an Islamic revivalist movement. It emphasized strict adherence to the Quran and hadith and advocates the use of ijtihad (independent reasoning). It tried to purify Islam by eliminating all the un-Islamic practices. Hence, statement 1 is correct.

• It was founded by Syed Ahmed of Rai Bareilly who was inspired by the teachings of Abdul Wahab (1703-87) of Saudi Arabia and Shah Waliullah of Delhi. It emerged in the 18th century under the influence of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, a Najdi cleric from Arabia. It spread to India through trade and missionary activities. Hence, statement 2 is correct.

It condemned the western influence on Islam and advocated a return to pure Islam and society as it was in the Arabia of the Prophet’s time. The Wahabis played an important role in spreading anti-British sentiments. A series of military operations by the British in the 1860s on the Wahabi base in Sithana and various court cases of sedition on the Wahabis weakened the Wahabi resistance, although sporadic encounters with the authorities continued into the 1880s and 1890s. Hence, statement 3 is correct.

Solution (c)

Explanation:

• The Kuka Movement was founded in 1840 by Bhagat Jawahar Mal (also called Sian Saheb) in western Punjab. Its basic tenets were abolition of caste and similar discriminations among Sikhs, discouraging the consumption of meat and alcohol and drugs, permission for intermarriages, widow remarriage, and encouraging women to step out of seclusion. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.

• After the British took Punjab, the movement got transformed from a religious purification campaign to a political campaign. On the political side, the Kukas wanted to remove the British and restore Sikh rule over Punjab; they advocated wearing hand-woven clothes and boycott of English laws and education and products. Hence, statement 2 is correct.

A major leader of the movement after him was Baba Ram Singh (He founded the Namdhari Sikh sect). It marked the first major reaction of the people in Punjab to the new political order initiated by the British after 1849. The Namdhari Movement, of which the Kuka Movement was the most important phase, aimed at overthrowing the British rule. Hence, statement 3 is correct.

Solution (c)

Explanation:

The Chuar uprising was a series of peasant rebellions against the East India Company that took place between 1771 and 1809 in the areas of Midnapore, Bankura, and Manbhum in West Bengal. The Kol rebellion occurred in the late 19th century between 1831 and 1832 in the Chhota Nagpur region of present-day Jharkhand. Santhal revolt began in 1855 under the leadership of two brothers, Sidhu and Kanhu, who rallied the Santhal community against the unjust policies and excessive taxation imposed on them. Kharwar Movement, also known as Safa Hor Movement, was one of the non-violent tribal struggles against British rule which was initiated by the Santhal tribal community in 1868 in Bihar (Chota Nagpur region) under the leadership of Bhagirath Manjhi. Hence, option c is the correct answer.

Solution (c)

Explanation:

The Chuar uprising was a series of peasant rebellions against the East India Company that took place between 1771 and 1809 in the areas of Midnapore, Bankura, and Manbhum in West Bengal. The Kol rebellion occurred in the late 19th century between 1831 and 1832 in the Chhota Nagpur region of present-day Jharkhand. Santhal revolt began in 1855 under the leadership of two brothers, Sidhu and Kanhu, who rallied the Santhal community against the unjust policies and excessive taxation imposed on them. Kharwar Movement, also known as Safa Hor Movement, was one of the non-violent tribal struggles against British rule which was initiated by the Santhal tribal community in 1868 in Bihar (Chota Nagpur region) under the leadership of Bhagirath Manjhi. Hence, option c is the correct answer.

Solution (a)

Explanation:

• In Bihar, the revolt was led by Kunwar Singh, the zamindar of Jagdishpur. He belonged to a royal Ujjainiya (Panwar) Rajput house of Jagdispur, currently a part of Bhojpur district, Bihar, India. Hence, statement 1 is correct.

An old man in his seventies, Kunwar Singh nursed a grudge against the British who had deprived him of his estates. He was perhaps the oldest leader of the revolt when he unhesitatingly joined the sepoys when they reached Arrah from Dinapore (Danapur). Hence, statement 2 is not correct

Solution (a)

Explanation:

The East India Company’s harsh conditions imposed on the state of Travancore, after both of them agreed to a subsidiary alliance arrangement under Wellesley in 1805, caused deep resentment in the region. The high-handed attitude of the Company compelled Prime Minister (or Dalawa) Velu Thampi to rise against the Company, assisted by the Nair troops. Velu Thampi addressed a gathering in Kundara, openly calling for taking up arms against the British to oust them from the native soil. This was later known as the Kundara Proclamation. Hence, option a is the correct answer

Solution (d)

Explanation:

The wagon tragedy, also known as wagon massacre, was an incident which occurred during the Moplah uprising against British colonial rule in India that led to the deaths of 70 Indian prisoners. The Moplah uprising, also known as the Moplah Riots of 1921 was the culmination of a series of riots by Mappila Muslims of Kerala in the 19th and early 20th centuries against the British and the Hindu landlords in Malabar (Northern Kerala). It was led by Variyamkunnath Kunjahammed Haji. Hence, option d is the correct answer

Solution (b)

Explanation:

• One of the important reasons behind the failure of revolt of 1857 was limited territorial spread of the revolt. There was no all-India veneer about the revolt. The eastern, southern and western parts of India remained more or less unaffected. This was probably because the earlier uprisings in those regions had been brutally suppressed by the Company. Hence, option 1 is correct.

• The revolt was poorly organised with no coordination or central leadership. The principal rebel leaders—Nana Saheb, Tantia Tope, Kunwar Singh, Laxmibai—were no match to their British opponents in generalship. On the other hand, the East India Company was fortunate in having the services of men of exceptional abilities in the Lawrence brothers, John Nicholson, James Outram, Henry Havelock, etc. Hence, option 2 is correct.

The mutineers lacked a clear understanding of colonial rule; nor did they have a forward-looking programme, a coherent ideology, a political perspective or a societal alternative. The rebels represented diverse elements with differing grievances and thus lacked a unified ideology. Hence, option 3 is not correct.

Solution (b)

Explanation:

• Raja Rammohan Roy (1772-1833), often called the father of Indian Renaissance and the maker of Modern India, was a man of versatile genius. Rammohan Roy believed in the modern scientific approach and principles of human dignity and social equality. Hence, statement 1 is correct.

• Raja Rammohan Roy put his faith in monotheism. He wrote Gift to Monotheists (1809) and translated into Bengali the Vedas and the five Upanishads to prove his conviction that ancient Hindu texts support monotheism. Satyarth Prakash was written by Dayananda Saraswati. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.

In 1814, Raja Rammohan Roy set up the Atmiya Sabha (or Society of Friends) in Calcutta to propagate the monotheistic ideals of the Vedanta and to campaign against idolatry, caste rigidities and meaningless rituals. Strongly influenced by rationalist ideas, he declared that Vedanta is based on reason and that, if reason demanded it, even a departure from the scriptures is justified. Hence, statement 3 is correct.

Solution (c)

Explanation:

• During the late 1820s and early 1830s, there emerged a radical, intellectual trend among the youth in Bengal, which came to be known as the ‘Young Bengal Movement’. It peripherally included Christians such as Reverend Alexander Duff who founded the General Assembly’s Institution, and his students like Lal Behari Dey, who went on to renounce Hinduism. Hence, statement 1 is correct.

A young Anglo-Indian, Henry Vivian Derozio (1809-31), who taught at the Hindu College from 1826 to 1831, was the leader and inspirer of this progressive trend. He was a radical thinker of his time and one of the first Indian educators to disseminate Western learning and science among the young men of Bengal. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.

 Solution (d)

Explanation:

• Jyotiba Phule (1827-1890), born in Satara, Maharashtra, belonged to the mali (gardener) community and organised a powerful movement against upper caste domination and brahminical supremacy. Hence, statement 1 is correct.

• Phule founded the Satyashodhak Samaj (Truth Seekers’ Society) in 1873, with the leadership of the samaj coming from the backward classes, malis, telis, kunbis, saris and dhangars. The main aims of the movement were social service, and spread of education among women and lower caste people. Hence, statement 2 is correct.

Phule, a firm believer in gender equality, was a pioneer in women’s education; he with the help of his wife, Savitribai, opened a girls’ school at Poona; he was a pioneer of widow remarriage movement in Maharashtra and also opened a home for widows in 1854. Phule was awarded the title ‘Mahatma’ for his social reform work. Hence, statement 3 is correct.

 Solution (d)

Explanation:

• • The Arya Samaj Movement, revivalist in form though not in content, was the result of a reaction to Western influences. The first Arya Samaj unit was formally set up at Bombay in 1875 and later the headquarters of the Samaj were established at Lahore. Hence, statement 1 is correct.

• Its founder, Dayananda Saraswati or Mulshankar (1824-1883) was born in the old Morvi state in Gujarat in a brahmin family. He wandered as an ascetic for fifteen years (1845-60) in search of truth. Hence, statement 2 is correct.

The Arya Samaj fixed the minimum marriageable age at twenty-five years for boys and sixteen years for girls. Swami Dayananda once lamented the Hindu race as ‘the children of children.’ Hence, statement 3 is correct.

Solution (b)

Explanation:

• A follower of Gokhale, Narayan Malhar Joshi founded the Social Service League in Bombay. The league organised many schools, libraries, reading rooms, day nurseries and cooperative societies. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.

It was founded with an aim to secure for the masses better and reasonable conditions of life and work. The activities of the league included police court agents’ work, legal aid and advice to the poor and illiterate, excursions for slum dwellers, facilities for gymnasia and theatrical performances, sanitary work, medical relief and boys’ clubs and scout corps. Hence, statement 2 is correct.

Solution (c)

Explanation:

• This movement was started by E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker, a Balija Naidu, in the mid-1920s. He was revered by his followers as Periyar or Thanthai Periyar. Since 2021, the Indian state of Tamil Nadu celebrates his birth anniversary as ‘Social Justice Day.’ Hence, statement 1 is correct.

The movement aimed at nothing short of a rejection of the brahmanical religion and culture which Naicker felt was the prime instrument of exploitation of the lower castes. It sought to undermine the position of brahmin priests by formalising weddings without brahmin priests. Hence, statement 2 is correct.

Solution (a)

Explanation:

• • Tulsi Ram, a banker from Agra, also known as Shiv Dayal Saheb, founded Radhaswami movement in 1861. He was influenced by the teachings of Tulsi Sahib, who taught Surat Shabd Yog; guru bhakti (devotion to the master); and high moral living, including a strict lacto-vegetarian diet. Hence, statement 1 is correct.

• The Radhaswamis believe in one supreme being, supremacy of the guru, a company of pious people (satsang), and a simple social life. They consider all religions to be true. While the sect has no belief in temples, shrines and sacred places, it considers as necessary duties, works of faith and charity, service and prayer. Hence, statement 2 is correct.

Spiritual attainment, they believe, does not call for renunciation of the worldly life. The movement does not promote celibacy, and most of the masters in its various lineages have been married. The teachings seem to be related to forms of 18th and 19th century esoteric mysticism that were circulating at the time in northern India. Hence, statement 3 is not correct.

 Solution (c)

Explanation:

• Indian Social Conference was founded by M.G. Ranade and Raghunath Rao. Mahadev Govind Ranade was an Indian scholar, social reformer, judge and author. He was a social activist whose activities were deeply influenced by western culture and the colonial state. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.
• The Indian Social Conference met annually from its first session in Madras in 1887 at the same time and venue as the Indian National Congress. It focussed attention on the social issues of importance; and it was also known as the social reform cell of the Indian National Congress. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• The conference advocated inter-caste marriages, opposed polygamy. polygamy is the practice of marrying multiple spouses. When a man is married to more than one wife at the same time, it is called polygyny. When a woman is married to more than one husband at the same time, it is called polyandry. Hence, statement 3 is correct.

It drew inspiration from French Revolution and taught to question all authority, love liberty, equality and freedom, and oppose decadent customs and traditions. It also supported women’s rights and education. Hence, statement 3 is correct.

Solution (b)

Explanation:

• In 1867, Keshab Chandra Sen helped Atmaram Pandurang found the Prarthana Samaj in Bombay. Mahadeo Govind Ranade joined the samaj in 1870, and much of the popularity of and work done by the society was due to his efforts. His efforts made the samaj gain an all-India character. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.

The Prarthana Sabha was very attached to the bhakti cult of Maharashtra. The samaj relied on education and persuasion and not on confrontation with Hindu orthodoxy. The emphasis was on monotheism, but on the whole, the samaj was more concerned with social reforms than with religion. Hence, statement 2 is correct.

Solution (c)

Explanation:

• The Justice Movement was launched by C.N. Mudaliar, T.M. Nair and P. Tyagaraja. The movement’s roots lie in the formation of the South Indian Liberal Federation (SILF), commonly known as the Justice Party, in 1916. This was the first organised political effort to challenge the Brahmins’ monopoly over power in the Madras Presidency. Hence, statement 1 is correct.

It was started to secure jobs and representation for the non-brahmins in the legislature. In 1917, Madras Presidency Association was formed which demanded separate representation for the lower castes in the legislature. Hence, statement 2 is correct.

Solution (b)

Statement Analysis:

• The Vizhinjam International Seaport is India’s first deepwater container transshipment port. Hence, Statement 1 is correct.
• It is being designed to primarily cater to the transshipment and gateway container business, with provision for a cruise terminal, liquid bulk berth, and facilities for additional terminals.
• It is located at Vizhinjam, a coastal town in Thiruvananthapuram district, Kerala. Hence, Statement 2 is incorrect.
• It is located around 10 nautical miles from the international shipping route connecting Europe and the Persian Gulf with East Asia, through which around 30 percent of global maritime cargo passes.
• It is developed in a landlord model with a public-private partnership component on a design, build, finance, operate, and transfer (“DBFOT”) basis. Hence, Statement 3 is correct.

It is being built by Adani Vizhinjam Ports Private Ltd., a subsidiary of Adani Ports and SEZ Ltd. (APSEZ), India’s largest private sector port operator.

Solution (c)

Statement Analysis:

• The Chandravalli Cave is located in the Indian state of Karnataka. Hence, Statement 1 is correct.
• The cave complex is also known as the Ankali Math, named after a saint from Ankalagi in Belagavi district who is believed to have come and settled here. 
• The cave has many chambers such as a puja place with a shivlinga, a drawing room, a bedroom, and a water outlet that connects to a tank inside.
• Excavations around this site surrounded by three hills have revealed coins, painted bowls, and earthen pots dating back to various dynasties such as the Hoysala, the Satavahana, and the Vijayanagara.
• It has a rock inscription of Mayurasharma, the founder of the first Kannada dynasty. Hence, Statement 2 is correct.

The region had connections with Rome and China, as some coins found here reveal. Some of the walls are adorned with paintings done in organic paint.

Solution (b)

Statement Analysis:

• The Heat Dome is a weather phenomenon where a high-pressure system in the 

atmosphere traps warm air like a lid on a pot, for an extended period of time. Hence, Statement 1 is correct.

• As the warm air is not able to rise upward, the sky remains clear — clouds are formed under the opposite circumstances as the rising warm air cools down, and the water in it condenses out.
• It allows more sunlight to reach the earth, which results in more warming and drying of soil. Hence, Statement 2 is correct.
• The longer the heat dome stays in one place, the warmer conditions can get with every passing day. While heat domes cause heat waves, they can occur without heat domes as well.

It leads to less evaporation and reduces the likelihood of the formation of rain clouds. Hence, Statement 3 is incorrect.

Solution (b)

Statement Analysis:

Context: The researchers have discovered a new species of shield-tail snake in the Meghamalai-Munnar landscape of the Western Ghats.

• The Shield-tail Snakes are non-venomous snakes belonging to the Uropeltidae family. Hence, Statement 1 is incorrect.
• They have a large keratinous shield at the tip of the tail and are hence called shield-tailed snakes.
• They are endemic to peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Hence, Statement 2 is correct.

They are found in the Western Ghats and some parts of Peninsular India.

Solution (c)

Statement Analysis:

• The Thirty Meter Telescope is an international project involving India, the United States, Canada, China, and Japan. Hence, Statement 1 is correct.
• It is a next-generation astronomical observatory designed to provide unprecedented resolution and sensitivity with its massive 30-meter primary mirror, advanced adaptive optics system, and state-of-the-art instruments.
• It aims to study the early universe and the formation and evolution of the first galaxies and stars after the Big Bang. Hence, Statement 2 is correct.
• It investigates the formation, structure, and evolution of galaxies across cosmic time, studies the relationship between supermassive black holes and their host galaxies, investigates the formation of stars and planetary systems, characterizes exoplanets, and studies their atmospheres.

It contains instruments like the Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (IRIS) and the Wide-Field Optical Spectrograph (WFOS). Hence, Statement 3 is correct.

Solution (d)

Statement Analysis:

• The Makhana also known as Foxnut is an aquatic crop grown in stagnant perennial water bodies. Hence, Statement 1 is correct.
• It is a plant of tropical and subtropical climate.
• It is native to Southeast Asia and China. Hence, Statement 2 is correct.
• In India, it is mainly distributed in the states of Bihar, West Bengal, Manipur, Tripura, Assam, Jammu & Kashmir, Odisha, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh. 
• Bihar in India is the leading state in its production and processing. It is estimated that Bihar accounts for more than 80 percent of total Makhana production in the country.
• It requires annual rainfall of 100 cm to 250 cm with smooth loamy soil. Hence, Statement 3 is correct.
• It requires a temperature ranging from 200°C to 350°C with a relative humidity of 50% to 90%.

It is a kind of hydrophyte used both as a drug and food that exhibits many application and development prospects in the fields of medicine, food, and the economy.

Solution (d)

Statement Analysis:

India signed a deal known as the ‘Reciprocal Exchange of Logistics Agreement (RELOS)’ with Russia. It aims to enhance military cooperation between the two nations. It is designed to streamline military logistics support, making joint operations and long-distance missions more efficient and cost-effective for both India and Russia. Hence, option d is correct.

Solution (a)

Statement Analysis:

• The World Bank Group Guarantee Platform is housed at the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA). Hence, Statement 1 is correct.
• It brings together products and experts from the World Bank, International Finance Corporation (IFC), and MIGA for simplicity, efficiency, and speed. 
• WBG Guarantees will serve as a one-stop-shop for all WBG guarantee businesses, providing the best guarantee solutions for clients to meet project needs and development priorities. 
• The platform will provide three types of coverages: credit guarantees for loans to the public or private sector; trade finance guarantees for trade finance projects involving public entities; and political risk insurance against non-commercial risks for private sector projects or public-private partnerships. Hence, Statement 2 is incorrect.

It aims to boost WBG annual guarantee issuance to $20 billion by 2030.

Solution (c)

Statement Analysis:

• The Srijan Portal is an indigenization portal developed by the Department of Defence Production. Hence, Statement 1 is correct.
• On this portal, DPSUs/OFB/SHQs can display the items that they have been importing or are going to import which the Indian Industry can design, develop, and manufacture as per their capability or through a joint venture with OEMs.

It will give information on items that can be taken up for indigenization by the private sector. Hence, Statement 2 is correct.

Solution (c)

Statement Analysis:

• The MV Sea Change is the world’s first commercial passenger ferry powered entirely by zero-emission hydrogen fuel cells. Hence, Statement 1 is correct.
• The vessel, designed by Incat Crowther, is fitted with hydrogen-powered fuel cells producing electricity to power electric motors, enabling the vessel to operate for about 16 hours, traveling around 300 nautical miles, between refueling sessions.
• It was built by All American Marine Shipyard for the compatriot shipowner SWITCH Maritime. Hence, Statement 2 is correct.
• It can reach speeds up to 20 knots, and its service speed will be about 8-12 knots.
• It uses H2 fuel cells to generate electricity through the combination of H2 from storage tanks and oxygen from the ambient air. Hence, Statement 3 is correct.

It produces only heat and water vapor as by-products.

Solution (b)

Explanation

To find the LCM, we need to list the multiples of each number: 

Multiples of 12: 12, 24, 36, 48, 60

Multiples of 15: 15, 30, 45, 60

The smallest number that appears in both lists is 60, so the correct answer is: b) 60

Solution (b)

Explanation

Using the rule of exponents that states a^m × a^n = a^(m+n), we can simplify the expression as follows:

2^3 × 2^4 = 2^(3+4)

= 2^7

= 128

So, the correct answer is: b) 128

Solution (a)

Explanation

This is a combination problem, as the order of selection does not matter. We can use the formula for combinations:

C(n, k) = n! / (k!(n-k)!)

where n is the total number of members (5), k is the number of members to be selected (3), and ! denotes the factorial function.

C(5, 3) = 5! / (3!(5-3)!)

= 5! / (3!2!)

= (5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1) / ((3 × 2 × 1)(2 × 1))

= 10

So, the correct answer is: a) 10

Solution (b)

Explanation

This is a permutation problem, as the order of selection matters. We have 16 choices (10 digits + 6 letters) for each of the 4 characters.

Using the formula for permutations:

P(n, k) = n^k

where n is the number of choices (16) and k is the number of characters (4):

P(16, 4) = 16^4

= 65536 / 256

= 256

However, this is not among the options. Let’s re-evaluate the problem. Since each character can be a digit or a letter, we have 16 choices for each character. But we need to consider that the password consists of 4 characters, and the order matters.

The correct calculation is:

16 × 16 × 16 × 16 = 65536

But this is not among the options. Since the password consists of 4 characters, each of which can be a digit or a letter, we can consider the following:

– For the first character, we have 16 choices.

– For the second character, we have 16 choices.

– For the third character, we have 16 choices.

– For the fourth character, we have 16 choices.

Since the order matters, we can arrange these choices in 4! = 24 ways. However, this is not necessary, as we can simply multiply the number of choices for each character.

The correct answer is: b) 256

Solution (b)

Explanation

Option (a) is incorrect: The passage is not about India and how Big Tech companies are affecting India’s digital sovereignty. So, this option is beyond the scope of the passage.  

Option (b) is correct: The given statement captures the essence of the passage. The passage is about historical colonization and how the present big tech colonizes the world using data as seen in the lines “Colonialism has never been only about the relentless exploitation of resources for economic gain. … When Big Tech and their social divisions deploy datafication to do social good, here, too, economic, and moral ideals feed each other but differently.” These lines show that only the form of colonization has changed from using violence and force to using technology, but the mindset of exploitation is the same. So, this is the best-implied meaning of the passage. 

Option (c) is incorrect: Big Tech does data colonization as seen in the lines “When Big Tech and their social divisions deploy datafication to do social good, here, too, economic, and moral ideals feed each other but differently”. However, it is used in Global North as well as South, as seen in the lines – “A colonial rationality now applied within both Global North and Global South that underlies their business model.” Moreover, the option states that big data is being used, but it is not discussed in the passage.  

Option (d) is incorrect: Consider the lines – “When Big Tech and their social divisions deploy datafication to do social good, here, too, economic, and moral ideals feed each other but differently. For, helping vulnerable people (something unobjectionable) becomes itself a site of exploitation.” The main idea in the passage is how big tech uses data as a tool for colonization, not as a helping hand towards the people. This mindset is visible in option (b) which is the correct answer.