[DAY 16] 60 DAY RAPID REVISION (RaRe) SERIES for UPSC Prelims 2024 – HISTORY, CURRENT AFFAIRS & CSAT TEST SERIES!

Solution (b)

 Note:

Nehru Report:

• In November 1927, the British government appointed the Simon Commission to review the working of the Government of India Act 1919 and propose constitutional reforms for India.
• The Commission did not have a single Indian member which irked leaders of the nationalist movement. While the British acknowledged the discontent, it did not change the composition of the Commission and instead asked Indians to prove that they could draw up a constitution themselves.
• A similar challenge was made in 1925 by Lord Birkenhead, then-Secretary of State for India, in the House of Lords: ‘…let them (Indians) produce a constitution which carries behind it a fair measure of general agreement among the great peoples of India…’. Leaders of the nationalist movement responded to the challenge by drafting the Nehru Report 1928.
• In December 1927, at its Madras session, the Indian National Congress took two major decisions in response to the setting up the Simon Commission: first, it decided to not cooperate with the Commission; second, it set up an All Parties Conference to draft a Constitution for India.
• The All Parties Conference included the All India Liberal Federation, All India Muslim League, Sikh Central League, and others.
  • The Conference, on 19 May 1928, constituted a committee to draft the Constitution. Some of the notable members of this Committee were: Motilal Nehru (Chairman), Sir Ali Imam, Tej Bahadur Sapru, and Subash Chandra Bose. M.R. Jayakar and Annie Besant joined the Committee later. Jawaharlal Nehru, Motilal Nehru’s son, was appointed the secretary to the Committee.
  • The Committee was given the brief ‘to consider and determine the principles of the Constitution of India along with the problem of communalism and the issue of dominion status.’ The Committee submitted its report to the All Parties Conference in August 1929, which was its appointing committee. In December, a supplementary report was published that reflected some changes from the original version.
  • The very first article of the Report unequivocally claimed dominion status for India.
  • Other notable features included a section on fundamental rights: the right to free expression and opinion, equality before the law, right to bear arms, freedom of conscience, free profession, and propagation of religion. The most remarkable provision was the right to free and elementary education. The Report introduced a parliamentary system of government along with universal adult suffrage.
  • On the communal question, the Report proposed reservation for Muslims in legislatures, however, these were restricted to only those constituencies where Muslims were in a minority and Centre. Also, there was no mention of separate electorates for Muslims. No reservation was given to Muslims in legislatures where they were in the majority. correct.
  • No separate communal electorate was provided.

Solution (c)

Solution (c)

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (April 13, 1919):

• Amritsar was the worst affected by violence. In the beginning there was no violence by the protestors. Indians shut down their shops and normal trade and the empty streets showed the Indians’ displeasure at the British betrayal.
• On April 9, two nationalist leaders, Saifuddin Kitchlew and Dr Satyapal, were arrested by the British officials without any provocation except that they had addressed protest meetings, and taken to some unknown destination.
• This caused resentment among the Indian protestors who came out in thousands on April 10 to show their solidarity with their leaders. Soon the protests turned violent because the police resorted to firing in which some of the protestors were killed.
• In the riot that followed, five Englishmen are reported to have been killed and Marcella Sherwood, an English woman missionary going on a bicycle, was beaten up.
• On Baisakhi day, a large crowd of people mostly from neighboring villages, unaware of the prohibitory orders in the city, gathered in the Jallianwala Bagh, a popular place for public events, to celebrate the Baisakhi festival. Local leaders had also called for a protest meeting at the venue.
• The entire nation was stunned. Rabindranath Tagore renounced his knighthood in protest. Gandhi gave up the title of Kaiser-i-Hind, bestowed by the British for his work during the Boer War. Gandhi was overwhelmed by the atmosphere of total violence and withdrew the movement on April 18,1919.
• Udham Singh, who bore the name, Ram Mohammad Singh Azad, later assassinated Michael O’Dwyer, the Lieutenant-Governor who presided over the brutal British suppression of the 1919 protests in Punjab. Udham Singh was hanged in 1940 for his deed. (His ashes were returned to India in 1974.)

Solution (a)

Rajkot Satyagraha:

• Most of the princely states were autocratically ruled. The economic burden on the people was heavy with high taxation, education and social services were backwards and civil rights were restricted.
• State revenues were expended on the luxurious lifestyles of the rulers and since the British provided immunity from domestic and external aggression, they felt free to ignore the interests of the people.
• The British government expected the states to support them in their imperialistic policies, thereby acting against the development of nationalist sentiments.
• The people under the British provinces were given some political rights and participation in the administration after the acts of 1919 and 1935. The people under the princely states did not have the rights equal to the rights enjoyed by the British provinces.
• The onset of the nationalistic movement in British rule also had an impact on the people of the princely states .many revolutionary nationalists fleeing British authority came to the princely states in the first and second decades of the 20th century and initiated political activities there. Under the national movement, the subjects of the princely states established people’s organizations.
• In Rajkot Satyagraha campaigns, Mahatma Gandhi did not participate directly. It represented the first major attempt to secure constitutional change through mass civil disobedience.
• It was a test of the indirect support given by the paramount power to the princes and of the durability of the latter against the nationalists.
• Rajkot Satyagraha showed the complexity of the situation in princely states with paramount power always ready to interfere in its own favor but ever willing to use legal independence of the rulers as an excuse for non-interference.
• Though Rajkot satyagraha was a failure it exercised a tremendous politicizing effect on the people of states. It also demonstrated to the rulers of the states the power of popular resistance and encouraged many states to integrate with India after independence.
  • In Hyderabad, a powerful people’s movement built up.
  • In Kashmir people organized themselves

Solution (a)

Solution (b)

Solution (a)

Solution (a)

Note:

• In 1928, Nehru report was submitted which proposed dominion status. However, a section of nationalists was not satisfied with this demand and gradually became more vociferous for their demand for Purna Swaraj.
• In 1929 the Congress session was held at Lahore. This session assumed significance because at this session the Indian National Congress took the resolution of Poorna Swaraj or complete independence. In this, the Indian tricolor flag was hoisted by Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru on the bank of the Ravi river.
• Jawaharlal Nehru, Subhas Bose and Satyamurthi, backed by a large number of delegates, pressed for the acceptance of ‘Purna Swaraj’ or complete independence as the goal of the Congress.
• Gandhiji, Motilal Nehru and many other older leaders felt that the national consensus achieved with such great difficulty on Dominion Status should not be abandoned in such haste and a period of two years be given to the Government for accepting this.

Solution (a)

• Gandhiji called off the movement in February 1922 in the wake of the Chauri Chaura incident.
• In Chauri Chaura, Uttar Pradesh, a violent mob set fire to a police station killing 22 policemen during a clash between the police and protesters of the movement.
• Gandhiji called off the movement saying people were not ready for revolt against the government through ahimsa.
• Several leaders like Motilal Nehru and C R Das were against the suspension of the movement only due to sporadic incidents of violence.
• Gandhiji decided to discontinue the Non-cooperation movement since the principle of ahimsa or non-violence are then violated, and then he calls the congress committee at Bardoli on 12 February 1922 to end the Non-cooperation movement.

Solution (b)

Solution (b)

Solution (d)

Solution (b)

Solution (d)

Solution (c)

Solution (a)

Solution (b)

Note:

Poona Pact:

• Gandhiji undertook a fast in jail as a protest against the decision made by British prime minister Ramsay MacDonald to give separate electorates to depressed classes.
• To resolve the situation, Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. Ambedkar reached an agreement regarding the reservation of electoral seats for the depressed classes in the legislature.
• It was made in 1932 at Yerwada Central Jail in Poona. It was signed by Ambedkar on behalf of the depressed classes and by Madan Mohan Malviya on behalf of the upper caste Hindus and Gandhi.
• It put an end to the fast that Gandhiji was not averse to the idea of reserved seats, and Ambedkar too ultimately agreed to reservation instead of separate electorate.
• The proposed number of such reserved seats for the depressed classes was increased.
• A two-tier election system was recommended to ensure proper representation of such classes.
  • In two-tiered electoral systems, voters elect electors who in turn elect the representatives.
• The Poona Pact was subsequently accepted by the government.

Solution (b)

Solution (b)

Note:

To carry forward the mandate given by the Lahore Congress, Gandhi presented eleven demands to the Government & gave an ultimatum of January 31, 1930, to accept or reject these demands. The 11 points were inclusive in nature and tried to cover all sections like traders, women, peasants. Major demands were:

• Reduce expenditure on Army and civil services by 50 percent.
• Introduce total prohibition.
• Carry out reforms in the Criminal Investigation Department (CID).
• Change Arms Act allowing popular control of the issue of firearms license to the common citizen for self-protection. At that time, Indians were subject to the highly restrictive terms of the Indian Arms Act, 1878. This Act was one of many oppressive, imperialist laws that Gandhiji and many other Indian leaders sought to get independence from.
• Release of all political prisoners.
• Accept Postal Reservation Bill.
• Reduce rupee-sterling exchange ratio.
• Introduce textile protection.
• Reserve coastal shipping for Indians.
• Reduce (not abolition) land revenue by 50 per cent.
• Abolish salt tax and the government’s salt monopoly.
• There was no demand for the abolition of the separate electorate.
• The demands were not accepted and hence CDM was launched.

Solution (a)

Solution (b)

• The Blue Button Movement is organised by the Dementia India Alliance (DIA) on September 21 to mark World Alzheimer’s Day. Hence statement 1 is incorrect.
• The blue button is a symbol of awareness and support for people affected by dementia.
• This campaign will include the formation of a human chain symbolically resembling the blue button like a shield or a coat of arms, unifying and encouraging people to recognize the impact of dementia, empathize, and take proactive steps to support patients.
• DemClinic will be the first national comprehensive expert-led cognitive assessment platform for the elderly. Hence statement 2 is correct.
• It is aimed at supporting families and persons with dementia through post-diagnostic care and support.

Solution (c)

The Global Biofuel Alliance (GBA) is backed by Brazil, India, and the USA. It aims to facilitate cooperation and intensify the use of sustainable biofuels, including in the transportation sector. It will place emphasis on strengthening markets, facilitating global biofuels trade, developing concrete policy lesson-sharing, and providing technical support for national biofuels programs worldwide. Hence option c is correct.

Solution (d)

HII-A rocket to explore the origins of the universe is launched by Japan. The rocket put a satellite called X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission, or XRISM, into orbit around Earth. It will measure the speed and makeup of what lies between galaxies. This information will help in studying how celestial objects were formed. It can also lead to solving the mystery of how the universe was created. Hence option d is correct.

Solution (c)

• The Konark Sun Temple was constructed during the reign of King Narasimhadeva Iof the Eastern Ganga Dynasty. Hence statement 1 is correct.
• It was constructed in the 13th century. It is designed in the shape of a colossal chariot with 12 pairs of stone-carved wheels. They represent the chariot of the Sun God.
• It was built using Khondalite rocks and was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1984. Hence statement 2 is correct.

Solution (b)

Amitava Roy Committee formed by the Supreme Court of India in 2018 is related to Prison Reforms. Its objective is to examine the various problems plaguing prisons in the country, from overcrowding to lack of legal advice to convicts to issues of remission and parole. Hence option b is correct.

Solution (c)

Recently, a white sambar was photographed in the Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary which was constituted in 1989 under the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972. It is located in Karnataka. It consists of reserve forests in Chamarajnagar, Ramanagar, and Mandya Districts of Karnataka State. It has dry deciduous forests, scrublands, grasslands, and riverine ecosystems. Hence option c is correct.

Solution (d)

• Basket Sneaking, False Urgency, Subscription Trap, and Nagging are the terms related to dark patterns. Hence option d is correct.
• Dark Patterns are deceptive design patterns using user interface or user experience interactions on any platform. These practices are designed to mislead or trick users into doing something they originally did not intend or want to do. It undermines consumer autonomy, decision-making, and choice potentially constituting misleading advertising, unfair trade practices, or violations of consumer rights.

Solution (c)

• The Incremental cash reserve ratio (I-CRR) is an additional cash balance that the Reserve Bank of India can ask banks to maintain over and above the Cash Reserve Ratio(CRR). Hence statement 1 is correct.
• It was introduced on August 10, 2023, by RBI as the level of surplus liquidity in the system surged because of the return of Rs 2,000 banknotes to the banking system.
• It was announced as a temporary measure to absorb excess liquidity from the banking system. Hence statement 2 is correct.

Solution (c)

• Hallmarking is the accurate determination and official recording of the proportionate content of precious metals in precious metal articles. Hence statement 1 is correct.
• It is the official mark used in many countries as a guarantee of purity or fineness of precious metal articles.
• The objectives of the Hallmarking Scheme are to protect the public against adulteration and to obligate manufacturers to maintain legal standards of fineness.
• At present, only two precious metals – gold and silver come under hallmarking in India. Hence statement 2 is correct.

Solution (c)

• ‘Bharat: The Mother of Democracy’ Portal was launched by the Ministry of Culture on the eve of the G20 leadership summit. Hence statement 1 is correct.
• It offers content that delves into India’s democratic legacy spanning an astonishing 7,000 years. Hence statement 2 is correct.
• The portal is divided into five sections and 22 sub-sections starting from Sindhu-Saraswati Civilisation (6000- 2000 BCE), Mahajanapada and Gantantra (7-8 BCE), Vijaynagar Empire (14-16 century) and Mughal emperor Akbar reign (1556-1605) to Constitution of India (1947), and Elections in Modern India (1952 onwards).
• The content on the portal is available in 16 languages including German, French, Spanish, and Arabic. Hence statement 3 is correct.
• The content for the portal has been curated by the Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA), which is a center for research, academic pursuit, and dissemination in the field of the arts under the Ministry of Culture.

Solution (c)

Let the number of coins of 50 paise, Re.1 and Rs. 2 coins are 2x, 3x and 4x respectively.

Value of 50 paise coins – Rs x

Value of Re. 1 coins = Rs. 3x

Value of Rs. 2 coins = Rs. 8x

Therefore, x + 3x + 8x = 240x = 240/12 = 20

Hence total number of coins = 2x + 3x + 4x = 9x

= 9 * 20 = 180 coins

Solution (d)

Finding LCM of 7, 8, 9, 11 we get 5544 seconds.

It means after every 5544 seconds they all fire bullets together.

So in 297 minutes they will fire 60×297/5544 = 3.21

so total fires= 3+1(1st fire) =4 fires.

Solution (c)

N₁ = 247x + 17 and N₂ = 361y + 52

N₁ + N₂ = (19 × 13 × x + 17) + (19 ×19 × y + 52)

Remainder when N₁ + N₂ is divided by 19,

= 17+52/19

= 12

Solution (b)

There are two cases

Case 1: When 4 is selected from the first 5 and rest 6 from remaining 8

Total arrangement = ⁵C₄ × ⁸C₆

= ⁵C₁ × ⁸C₂

= 5 × (8×7)/(2×1)

= 5 × 4 × 7

= 140

Case 2: When all 5 is selected from the first 5 and rest 5 from remaining 8

Total arrangement = ⁵C₅ × ⁸C₅

= 1 × ⁸C₃

= (8×7×6)/(3×2×1)

= 8×7

= 56

Now, total number of choices available = 140 + 56 = 196

Solution (d)

Let 1 boy’s 1 day’s work = x (i.e. efficiency of 1 boy = ‘x’ units/day) and

1 girl’s 1 day’s work = y (i.e. efficiency of 1 girl = ‘y’ units/day).

Then, 9x + 12y = 1/15 ………………І

(9 boys’ & 12 girls’ 1 day’s work)

39x + 72y = 1/3 ………….…ІІ

(39 boys’ & 72 girls’ 1 day’s work).

Multiplying equation І by 6 and then subtracting equation ІІ from it, we get,

x = 1/225.

Putting the value of x in either equation І or equation ІІ will yield

y = 1/450.

So, 20 boys’ and 5 girls’ 1 day’s work

= 20/225 + 5/450

= 1/10.

Since 1/10 part is performed in 1 day.

So, 1 part is performed in 1/(1/10) day,i.e. 10 days.