Indian History & Post-Independence, TLP-UPSC Mains Answer Writing
Q.1. “The integration of princely states was a testament to both diplomacy and force.” Critically analyze this statement in the context of India’s post-independence consolidation? (150 words, 10 marks)
Introduction
At independence, India inherited over 560 princely states. Their integration was vital for national unity and was achieved through a mix of persuasion, strategic pressure, and military intervention. As V.P. Menon said, “We took over an inheritance of incredible complexity and diversity, and gave it a coherent shape.”
Body
Diplomatic Efforts for Peaceful Integration
- Instrument of Accession route used: States joined India by acceding on defence, external affairs, and communications. Example: Mysore, Bikaner, and Patiala signed early without resistance.
- Patel-Menon strategy: Patel’s firmness and Menon’s tact ensured quick accessions. Example: Over 100 small states merged swiftly under this approach.
- Privy purse and titles assured: Rulers were granted financial and ceremonial assurances. Example: Gwalior and Baroda rulers accepted merger with these incentives.
- Tactful handling of sensitive states: Personal dialogue helped defuse resistance. Example: Travancore dropped its independence claim after Patel’s intervention.
- Popular legitimacy invoked: People’s wishes were used to justify integration. Example: Junagadh plebiscite overwhelmingly favoured joining India.
Use of Force and Coercive Measures
- Military action in Hyderabad: Force was used to crush armed resistance. Example: Operation Polo ended Nizam’s rule in 1948.
- Pressure on hesitant states: Reluctant rulers were politically isolated. Example: Bhopal joined after public pressure and central assertiveness.
- Kashmir’s conditional accession: Joined India during Pakistani-backed tribal invasion. Example: Maharaja Hari Singh signed Instrument of Accession in October 1947.
- Rejecting pro-Pakistani moves: India opposed rulers acting against people’s will. Example: Junagadh Nawab’s decision reversed by public uprising and plebiscite.
- Merger of minor states into unions: States forcibly grouped into larger administrative units. Example: Saurashtra and PEPSU formed despite some resistance.
Conclusion
The integration of princely states reflected a masterful blend of statecraft and resolve. Without Patel’s diplomacy and the credible threat of force, India’s territorial unity may have remained a dream.
