Day 12 – Q.1. “The integration of princely states was a testament to both diplomacy and force.” Critically analyze this statement in the context of India’s post-independence consolidation? (150 words, 10 marks)

  • IASbaba
  • June 19, 2025
  • 0
Indian History & Post-Independence, TLP-UPSC Mains Answer Writing

Q.1. “The integration of princely states was a testament to both diplomacy and force.” Critically analyze this statement in the context of India’s post-independence consolidation? (150 words, 10 marks)


Introduction 

At independence, India inherited over 560 princely states. Their integration was vital for national  unity and was achieved through a mix of persuasion, strategic pressure, and military intervention.  As V.P. Menon said, “We took over an inheritance of incredible complexity and diversity, and gave  it a coherent shape.”  

Body  

Diplomatic Efforts for Peaceful Integration  

  1. Instrument of Accession route used: States joined India by acceding on defence, external  affairs, and communications.  Example: Mysore, Bikaner, and Patiala signed early without resistance.
  2. Patel-Menon strategy: Patel’s firmness and Menon’s tact ensured quick accessions.  Example: Over 100 small states merged swiftly under this approach.  
  3. Privy purse and titles assured: Rulers were granted financial and ceremonial assurances.  Example: Gwalior and Baroda rulers accepted merger with these incentives. 
  4. Tactful handling of sensitive states: Personal dialogue helped defuse resistance.  Example: Travancore dropped its independence claim after Patel’s intervention. 
  5. Popular legitimacy invoked: People’s wishes were used to justify integration.  Example: Junagadh plebiscite overwhelmingly favoured joining India.  

Use of Force and Coercive Measures  

  1. Military action in Hyderabad: Force was used to crush armed resistance.  Example: Operation Polo ended Nizam’s rule in 1948.  
  2. Pressure on hesitant states: Reluctant rulers were politically isolated.  Example: Bhopal joined after public pressure and central assertiveness.  
  3. Kashmir’s conditional accession: Joined India during Pakistani-backed tribal invasion.  Example: Maharaja Hari Singh signed Instrument of Accession in October 1947. 
  4. Rejecting pro-Pakistani moves: India opposed rulers acting against people’s will.  Example: Junagadh Nawab’s decision reversed by public uprising and plebiscite. 
  5. Merger of minor states into unions: States forcibly grouped into larger administrative units.  Example: Saurashtra and PEPSU formed despite some resistance.  

Conclusion 

The integration of princely states reflected a masterful blend of statecraft and resolve. Without  Patel’s diplomacy and the credible threat of force, India’s territorial unity may have remained a  dream. 

Search now.....

Sign Up To Receive Regular Updates