Ethics Theory, TLP-UPSC Mains Answer Writing
Q. 4. Indigenization of technology is key to achieving strategic autonomy and reducing external dependence. Examine India’s efforts towards indigenization in the fields of defence, space, and digital infrastructure. (250 words, 15 marks)
Introduction
Indigenization of technology refers to the development and production of critical systems, tools, and knowledge within the country. For India, it is essential to achieve strategic autonomy, ensure national security, and reduce reliance on foreign technology.
Body
India’s Efforts Towards Indigenization
Defence
- Make in India – Defence: The government launched initiatives to promote domestic manufacturing of weapons and platforms. Example: HAL’s Tejas Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) is an indigenous fighter jet developed for the Indian Air Force.
- Defence Acquisition Reforms: Restrictions on imports of various defence items to encourage local development. Example: Defence Ministry released a “positive indigenization list” banning import of over 400 weapon systems and components.
- Private Sector Participation: Indian startups and private firms are now key players in defence R&D. Example: Bharat Forge and Larsen & Toubro are involved in building artillery systems and naval platforms.
Space
- ISRO’s Indigenous Missions: ISRO has built launch vehicles and satellites using homegrown technologies. Example: The GSLV Mk III launch vehicle and Chandrayaan-3 mission were developed indigenously.
- Private Sector Collaboration: India opened the space sector to private firms for innovation and manufacturing. Example: Skyroot Aerospace, an Indian startup, launched India’s first private rocket, Vikram-S, in 2022.
- Satellite Navigation Systems: India developed its own regional satellite navigation system. Example: NAVIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation) provides India with strategic independence from GPS.
Digital Infrastructure
- Digital India Mission: A flagship program to promote self-reliance in digital services and infrastructure. Example: Development of BharatNet to connect rural India with high-speed internet.
- Indigenous Platforms and Technologies: Efforts to reduce dependence on foreign software and tools. Example: UPI (Unified Payments Interface), developed by NPCI, has revolutionized digital payments in India.
- Cybersecurity and Data Sovereignty: Focus on developing native cybersecurity frameworks and data storage norms. Example: CERT-In and MeitY have launched initiatives for indigenous cybersecurity tools and data localization.
Challenges in Indigenization
- Technological Gaps: India still imports 60–70% of its defence equipment due to the lack of advanced technology and R&D capabilities.
- Limited Private Sector Ecosystem: The domestic private sector is still nascent in high-end tech domains like semiconductors and advanced aerospace systems.
- Dependence on Foreign Components: Even indigenous platforms often rely on imported critical components like engines, sensors, and chips. Example: The Tejas LCA uses an American-made GE engine.
- Funding and Bureaucratic Hurdles: Slow project approvals and limited R&D funding restrict innovation and timely execution. Example: Defence R&D budget has hovered around just 6–7% of the total defence budget.
Way Forward
- Strengthen R&D Ecosystem: Increase public and private investment in frontier research, with dedicated funding for innovation hubs.
- Foster Public-Private Collaboration: Encourage joint ventures, tech transfers, and incubation programs to boost indigenous tech development.
- Streamline Regulatory Frameworks: Simplify procurement procedures, ensure faster clearances, and reduce red tape to promote indigenous production.
Conclusion
India’s push for indigenization in defence, space, and digital sectors reflects its strategic vision of Atmanirbhar Bharat. These efforts not only strengthen national security and economic resilience but also position India as a global technology leader.
