Ethics Theory, TLP-UPSC Mains Answer Writing
Q. 1. Who are Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs)? Highlight their key features and challenges. Discuss the steps taken by the government for their development and suggest a way forward. (150 words, 10 marks)
Introduction
India identifies 75 communities as Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs), first recognised by the Dhebar Commission (1960) for their extreme marginalisation. Their distinct needs demand targeted policies, as general tribal schemes often bypass them.
Body
Key Features of PVTGs (As identified by Dhebar Commission)
- Pre-agricultural Level of Technology: PVTGs often rely on hunting-gathering or rudimentary shifting cultivation. Example: The Cholanaikkan tribe in Kerala still practice forest foraging and live in rock shelters.
- Low Literacy and Education Levels: Educational attainment among PVTGs remains dismal, especially among girls. Example: Sahariyas of Madhya Pradesh have female literacy below 15%.
- Stagnant or Declining Population: Poor health services, isolation, and inbreeding contribute to population stagnation. Example: The Birhor tribe in Jharkhand had a negative growth rate in past censuses.
- Economic Backwardness and Isolation: Minimal participation in markets, land alienation, and weak access to welfare. Example: Baigas in Chhattisgarh were displaced due to wildlife conservation without adequate rehabilitation.
Key Challenges Faced by PVTGs
- Displacement and Habitat Loss: Development projects, mining, and forest laws have uprooted many communities. Example: The Kharia tribe in Odisha was displaced due to iron ore mining.
- Malnutrition and Poor Health Access: PVTGs face high malnutrition and mortality due to remote locations and inadequate services. Example: In 2023, over 30 deaths were reported among Baigas in MP due to hunger related issues.
- Low Political Representation: PVTGs are underrepresented in local governance and decision-making bodies. Example: Few PVTG members hold positions in Panchayats or forest committees.
- Lack of Reliable Data: Many PVTGs are not properly enumerated, limiting targeted policy design. Example: Inconsistencies exist in the population estimates of groups like the Sentinelese.
- Cultural Erosion: Exposure to mainstream society threatens traditional knowledge and languages. Example: Great Andamanese language groups have almost disappeared.
Government Initiatives for PVTG Development
- PVTG Development Mission (2023): Launched under the Ministry of Tribal Affairs for targeted saturation of housing, health, education, and livelihoods.
- PM Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM JANMAN): Aims to reach habitations of PVTGs with basic amenities like road, telecom, housing, water, health, and education services.
- Forest Rights Act, 2006: Recognises individual and community rights over forest resources.
- Vanbandhu Kalyan Yojana: Aims at ensuring integrated development with focus on livelihood, education, and health.
Way Forward
- Dedicated PVTG Cadre in Welfare Departments: As recommended by the National Advisory Council, a specialised unit should monitor and deliver customised schemes in PVTG areas.
- In-situ Infrastructure and Service Delivery: As emphasised by NITI Aayog, mobile education, healthcare, and nutrition services should be provided within their natural habitat.
- Revival of Traditional Knowledge and Livelihoods: Focused programmes should preserve indigenous practices in medicine, agriculture, and crafts through cultural documentation and promotion.
- Periodic PVTG-Specific Census and Surveys: Disaggregated data collection on health, education, and socio-economic conditions must inform policy design and monitoring.
Conclusion
The plight of PVTGs reflects the limits of one-size-fits-all development. Upholding their dignity and survival demands tailored, community-led efforts in the spirit of Article 46, which mandates special care for weaker sections.
