• Solution (c)

Explanation:

• Biomaterials refer to materials that are derived wholly or partly from biological sources or are engineered using biological processes to replace or interact with conventional materials. Unlike traditional petroleum-based materials, biomaterials are designed to reduce environmental impact while supporting sustainable production systems. They are increasingly used in sectors such as packaging, textiles, construction, and healthcare. Hence, statements 1 and 2 are correct.

The development of biomaterials is seen as the next frontier in materials engineering as industries attempt to reduce carbon footprints and comply with tightening environmental regulations. India’s biomaterials sector, encompassing bioplastics, biopolymers, and bio-derived materials, is at an early but rapidly emerging stage. Hence, statement 3 is correct.

• Solution (a)

Explanation:

• Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC) is a network of interconnected e-marketplaces through which sellers, including brands, can list and sell their products directly to customers bypassing any middlemen or intermediaries. It allows transitioning from a platform-centric model to an open source network for buying and selling goods and services. Hence, statements 1 and 2 are correct.

It was incorporated in 2021 with initial investment from Quality Council of India (QCI) and Protean eGov Technologies Limited (formerly NSDL e-Governance Infrastructure Limited). It was launched under the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) by the Ministry of Commerce as part of the Digital India initiative. Hence, statement 3 is not correct.

• Solution (c)

Explanation:

• Somnath Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva. It is located in Prabhas Patan near Veraval in Saurashtra on the western coast of Gujarat. It is the first of the 12 jyotirlinga shrines in India that are regarded as the manifestation of the Lord Shiva Himself. References to the temple are found in ancient texts like Skandpuran, Shreemad Bhagavat, Shivpuran, and the Rig-Veda. It is also the Neejdham Prasthan Leela site where Lord Shri Krishna took his last journey. Hence, statements 1 and 2 are correct.

• Solution (a)

Explanation:

• Olive Ridley Sea Turtles are the smallest and most abundant of all sea turtles found in the world. They are mainly found in the warm waters of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian oceans. Major nesting beaches along the Odisha coast (Gahirmatha, Rushikulya, Devi River mouth), solitary nesting also occurs along the Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Andaman coasts. Hence, statements 1 and 2 are correct.

They are solitary, preferring the open ocean. These turtles spend their entire lives in the ocean, and migrate thousands of kilometers between feeding and mating grounds in the course of a year. They are classified as Vulnerable in the IUCN Red List. Hence, statement 3 is INCORRECT.

• Solution (d)

Explanation:

Suryastra Rocket Launcher System is an advanced long-range rocket launcher system. It is developed by Pune-based NIBE Limited in collaboration with Israel’s Elbit Systems. It is India’s first indigenous universal multi-calibre rocket launcher system. It is designed to engage multiple targets simultaneously at varying ranges. Hence, statements 1 and 2 are correct.