Russia-Ukraine War

Context:

• In October 1962, the Cuban Missile crisis brought the world to the edge of nuclear Armageddon, as the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. engaged in an eyeball-to-eyeball confrontation.
• The lessons of the Cuban Missile crisis remain valid 60 years later in the context of Russia-Ukraine War.
• Russia’s short ‘special military operation’ to ‘de-Nazify and de-militarise’ Ukraine is already a nine-month-war, and likely to extend into 2023.
• The trans-Atlantic North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) unity under U.S. leadership despite visible internal differences has not collapsed.
• Mr. Zelensky’s emergence as a wartime leader is surprising; and, poor Russian military planning and performance, a shock.
• Russia is too strong to lose and Ukraine, despite NATO support, too weak to win; so, the war grinds on with no ceasefire in sight.

Concerns:

• There is one outcome from the current war that must be prevented — a breakdown of nuclear deterrence.

• Nuclear weapons have not been used since 1945 and a global conscience has sustained the nuclear taboo for over 75 years.
• The Ukraine war is testing the old lessons of nuclear deterrence.
• Russia has engaged in repeated nuclear signalling — from being personally present at large-scale exercises involving ‘strategic forces’, to placing nuclear forces on ‘special combat alert’.
• Russia sees itself at war, not with non-nuclear Ukraine, but with a nuclear armed NATO.
• Russia also ordered a ‘partial mobilisation’, announced referendums in the four regions of Luhansk, Donetsk, Kherson and Zaporizhzhia, accused the West of engaging in nuclear blackmail and warned that Russia has ‘more modern weapons’ and ‘will certainly make use of all weapon systems available; this is not a bluff’.
• He cited U.S. bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 as a precedent.

Cuban Missile crisis:

• On October 16, 1962, U.S. President John F. Kennedy was informed that that the U.S.S.R. was preparing to deploy medium and intermediate range nuclear missiles in Cuba.
• He declared a naval ‘quarantine’ of Cuba and he authorised to open a back-channel with Soviet Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin.
• The crisis defused on October 28; based on assurances conveyed through the back-channel, Soviet Premier Nikita Khruschev announced that Soviet nuclear missiles and aircraft would be withdrawn in view of U.S. assurances to respect Cuba’s territorial integrity and sovereignty.
• Reciprocally, the U.S. also agreed to withdraw the Jupiter nuclear missiles from Turkey.

• On October 27, a U.S. surveillance flight strayed over Cuban airspace and was targeted by Soviet air defence forces, despite Kennedy having counselled desisting from provocative surveillance and Khrushchev not having authorised the engagement.
• Both sides kept the news under wraps till the crisis defused.
• A day earlier, a Soviet nuclear armed submarine B-59 found itself trapped by U.S. depth charges, off Cuban waters. The U.S. was unaware that the submarine was nuclear armed and Captain Valentin Savitsky did not know that a quarantine was in operation. He decided to go down fighting but his decision to launch a nuclear bomb was vetoed by Capt. Vasily Arkhipov. The Soviets followed a two-person-authorisation-rule and unknown to Kennedy and Khrushchev, a potential Armageddon was averted.
• The most shocking revelation emerged decades later when the U.S. learnt that unbeknownst to them, over 150 warheads for the FKR-1 Meteor missile, short range FROG missile, and gravity bombs were already present in in Cuba. These were intended for defence in case the U.S. launched a repeat of the 1961 failed Bay of Pigs invasion.
• Despite Cuban leader Fidel Castro’s opposition, Premier Khrushchev insisted on withdrawing these too, conscious that these could provide the spark for a future escalation.

Key lessons:

• The key lesson learnt was that the two nuclear superpowers should steer clear of any direct confrontation even as their rivalry played out in other regions, thereby keeping it below the nuclear threshold. Deterrence theorists called it ‘the stability-instability-paradox’.
• With their assured-second-strike-capability guaranteeing mutually-assured-destruction, both the U.S. and the U.S.S.R were obliged to limit the instability to proxy wars.
• Nuclear war games over decades remained unable to address the challenge of keeping a nuclear war limited once a nuclear weapon was introduced in battle.

Indian Context:

• Sino-India war of 1962 marked the same year of Cuban Missile Criris.
• China’s People’s Liberation Army invaded India in Ladakh, and across the McMahon Line in the then North-East Frontier Agency.
• Till the start of the war, the Indian side was confident that war would not be started and made little preparations.
• India’s stance on the Cold War was highlighted through The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM).
• It emerged in the context of the wave of decolonization that followed World War II.
• It called for abstention from the use of arrangements of collective defence to serve the interests of any of the big powers.
• The states of the NAM cannot be part of a multilateral military alliance (such as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization [NATO]) or have signed a bilateral military agreement with one of the “big powers” if it was “deliberately concluded in the context of Great Power conflicts.”

Concerns for Russia:

• Russian nuclear use makes little operational sense. In 1945, Japan was on the verge of surrender and only the U.S. possessed nuclear weapons.
• Use of a tactical nuclear weapon will only strengthen Ukrainian national resolve; NATO response is unlikely to be nuclear but will be sharp.
• International political backlash would be significant and Mr. Putin may find himself increasingly isolated.
• Many countries in East and Central Asia could reconsider nuclear weapons as a security necessity.

Role for global diplomacy:

• During the next few weeks, the fighting in Ukraine will intensify, before winter sets in and the weather freezes military operations till spring. This raises the risks for escalation and miscalculations.
• The United Nations appears paralysed given the involvement of permanent members of the Security Council. Therefore, it is for other global leaders who have access and influence, to convince Mr. Putin that nuclear escalation would be a disastrous move.
• Indonesia is the G20 chair and President Joko Widodo will be hosting the summit meeting next month. India is the incoming chair; Prime Minister Narendra Modi will be attending the summit.
• Both Indonesia and India have refrained from condemning Russia, keeping communication channels open. In a bilateral meeting with Mr. Putin in Samarkand last month, Mr. Modi emphasised that “now is not the era of war”.

Way forward:

• There is a need to emphasise the deterrent role of nuclear weapons and not expanding it; to reiterating Russia’s official declaratory position that restricts nuclear use for “an existential threat”.

• Such a statement would help reduce growing fears of escalation and may also provide a channel for communication and open the door for a dialogue that can lead to a ceasefire.

Source:  The Hindu