[DAY 3] 60 DAY RAPID REVISION (RaRe) SERIES for UPSC Prelims 2023 – HISTORY, CURRENT AFFAIRS & CSAT TEST SERIES!

Solution (a)

Explanation:

Warren Hastings

• Warren Hastings (1732 – 1818) became the first Governor of the Presidency of Fort William (Bengal) in 1772 and the first Governor-General of Bengal in 1774 till he resigned in 1785.
• During his term, the First Anglo-Maratha war and the second Anglo-Mysore war were fought.(Hence statement 3 is incorrect) Harry Verelst was the Governor of Bengal during the First Anglo-Mysore war
• The Regulating Act of 1773 was passed during his term.
• He supported Sir William Jones in the formation of the Asiatic Society of Bengal in 1785
• When Warren Hastings assumed the administration of Bengal in 1772, he found it in utter chaos. Therefore, Warren Hastings realized the immediate need for introducing reforms.

Reforms under Warren Hastings:

• The East India Company decided to act as Diwan and to undertake the collection of revenue by its own agents. Hence, the Dual System introduced by Robert Clive was abolished.
• After the abolition of the Dual System, the responsibility of collecting the revenue came under the company. For that purpose, a Board of Revenue was established at Calcutta to supervise the collection of revenue
• Warren Hastings felt the necessity of reorganizing the judicial system. Each district was provided with a civil court under the collector and a criminal court under an Indian Judge. (Hence statement 2 is correct).
• Hastings abolished the system of dastaks which were misused by company officials and traders earlier. (Hence statement 1 is correct).
• In 1781, Warren Hastings set up the Calcutta Madrasah for the study and teaching of Muslim law and related subjects.

Solution (d)

Explanation:

• The subsidiary alliance system was used by Lord Wellesley, who was governor-general from 1798-1805, to build an empire in India. Which was early introduced by Dupleix (Governor General of French India) (Hence, Statement 1 is the incorrect).

Subsidiary alliance system:

• Under the system, the allying Indian state’s ruler was compelled to accept the permanent stationing of a British force within his territory and to pay a subsidy for its maintenance. The Indian ruler had to agree to the posting of a British resident in his court. The Indian ruler could not employ any European in his service without prior consultation with the Company. Nor could he go to war or negotiate with any other Indian ruler without consulting the governor-general. In return for all this, the British would defend the ruler from his enemies and adopt a policy of non-interference in the internal matters of the allied state. (Hence, Statement 2 is the correct)
• One of the objectives behind Wellesley’s strengthening of the subsidiary alliance system was to keep the French from reviving and expanding their influence in India. Around this time, the fear of Napoleon’s expedition towards the East was very real for the British who felt that the French could attack the western coast of India from their colony of Mauritius. (Hence, Statement 3 is the correct)

• States which accepted the Subsidiary Alliance: The Indian princess who accepted the subsidiary system were:
  • Hyderabad (September 1798 and 1800)
  • Mysore (1799)
  • Tanjore (October 1799)
  • Awadh (November 1801)
  • Peshwa (December 1801)
  • Berar (December 1803)
  • Sindhia (February 1804)
  • Rajput states of Jodhpur, Jaipur, Macheri, Bundi, and the ruler of Bharatpur (1818)
  • The Holkars were the last Maratha confederation to accept the Subsidiary Alliance

Solution (c)

Explanation:

Lord Ripon

Lord Ripon remained India’s Viceroy from 1880-84. This liberal politician is known for many reforms in the internal administration of India. The most important events during this time were as follows:

• The Vernacular Press Act was repealedin 1882
• A Resolution in 1882set off the institution of local self-government in India.
• Hunter Commissioncame in 1882 for the purpose of education reforms.
• The age for entry in the Civil Services was once again raised to 21 years.
• The First factory Actwas enacted in 1881
• Introduction of Ilbert Billin severely compromised state.
• The years 1882 and 1883 are memorable for these great measures. One important one was the repeal of the Vernacular Press Act, which was passed by his predecessor Lord Lytton in 1878.
• Thus, he sat free the native journals from the last restrains on the free discussion of public questions. In 1882, he granted freedom to the Press. He was the founder of local self-government in modern India and was fondly called “Father of self-governments of India”.

Solution (d)

Explanation:

The Charter Act of 1833 was a significant constitutional instrument defining the scope and authority of the East India Company.

Following were the important provisions:

• The charter act of 1833 legalized the British colonization of India. It ended the activities of the East India Company as a commercial body, it became an administrative body. It provided that the company’s territories in India were held by government ‘in trust for His Majesty, His heirs and successors’. (Hence, statement 2 is correct)
• The Governors of Bombay and Madras lost their legislative powers. Governor-General of India had legislative powers over entire British India. (Hence, statement 1 is correct)
• It made the Governor-General of Bengal as the Governor-General of India and vested in him all civil and military powers. Thus, Lord William Bentinck was the first Governor-General of India. (Hence, statement 3 is correct)
• The laws made under the previous acts were called as Regulations while laws made under this act were called as Acts.
• This Act introduced a system of open competition for selection of civil servants, and stated that the Indians should not be debarred from holding any place, office and employment under the Company. However, this system of an open competition was not effectively operated in near future.
• The Governor-General in council had the authority to amend, repeal or alter any law British Indian territories. The Governor-General’s council was to have four members again; fourth member had limited powers only.
• For the first time, the Governor-General’s government was called Government of India and the council was called India Council.
• A Law Member was appointed to the Governor-General’s Council. B. Macaulay was the first Law Member of the Governor- General-in-Council.
• This act also directed the Governor General-in-Council to adopt measures to mitigate the state of slavery, persisting in India since sultanate Era.
• The Charter Act of 1833 brought the Company’s monopoly of tea trade and trade with China to an end. At the same time, the debts of the Company were taken over by the Government of India which was also to pay its shareholders a 10 percent dividend on their capital. (Hence, statement 4 is correct)

Solution (d)

Explanation:

• Battle of Wandiwash (1760): The decisive battle of the Third Carnatic War was won by the English on January 22, 1760 at Wandiwash (or Vandavasi) in Tamil Nadu. It was an attempt by the French to acquire the Fort of Wndiwash. This attempt was foiled by the British Forces under the command of British Lieutenant-General Sir Eyre Coote which led to the Battle of Wandiwash or Third Carnatic War.
• Black Hole Tragedy (1756): Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah captured Calcutta on June 20, 1756 and took 146 English officers as prisoners and shut them in a small room. Many of them died due to suffocation. This incident was known as the Black Hole Tragedy. This incident became a cause of increasing hostility between Britishers and Nawab, which resulted in the Battle of Plassey.
• First Anglo-Maratha War (1775-1782): The first Anglo-Maratha War was the first of three conflicts between the Maratha Empire and Great Britain that took place in India. The conflict, which had begun with the Treaty of Surat, came to a close with the Salbai Treaty.
• Death of Tippu sultan (1799): Tippu Sultan died on 4th May 1799, in Srirangapatna, located in the present-day Mandya district of Karnataka. He was defeated in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War. This war was fought from 1798 to 1799.

Solution (b)

Explanation:

Ramosi Uprising (1822- 1829)

• Ramosis were hill tribes of the Western Ghats. (Hence Pair 1 is correctly matched)
• They resented the British policy of annexation and rose against the Britishers under the leadership of Chittur Singh.
• The new British Administration system, which the tribal people thought to be extremely unfair to them and left them with no other option than to rise against the Britishers for, was the primary cause of this insurrection.
• They plundered the regions around the Satara.
• The revolt continued till 1829, after which the British restored order in the region.
• Britishers followed a pacifist policy towards the Ramosis and some of them were recruited in the hill police.

Kol Rebellion (1832)

• Kol uprising is one of the most well-known revolutions against the British government.
• The Kols were one of the tribes inhabiting the Chotanagpur area. They lived in complete autonomy under their traditional chiefs but this changed when the British came. (Hence Pair 2 is correctly matched)
• Along with the British came the outsiders. The colonial government also introduced the concept of non-tribal moneylenders, zamindars and traders.
• The Kols then lost their lands to farmers from outside and also had to pay huge amounts of money in taxes. This led to many becoming bonded labourers.
• To this the British judicial policies also caused resentment among the Kols.
• There was an insurrection in 1831-32 which saw the Kols organise themselves under Buddho Bhagat and revolt against the British and the moneylenders.
• They killed many outsiders and burned houses. This armed resistance went on for two years after which it was brutally suppressed by the British with their superior weaponry.
• The Kol Rebellion was so intense that troops had to be called in from Calcutta and Benares to crush it.

Khond Uprising (1837-56)

• The Khonds inhabited the mountainous regions that ran from Bengal to Tamil Nadu as well as the central provinces. (Hence Pair 3 is incorrectly matched)
• Due to the impassable hilly terrain, they were entirely independent before the British arrived.
• Between 1837 to 1856, they rose against the British for their exploitation of forest practices, led by Chakra Bisoi, who adopted the name “Young Raja.”
• Tribal people from the Ghumusar, Kalahandi, and Patna regions took part in the uprising.
• The British attempt to outlaw the practice of “Mariah” (Sacrifice) and the subsequent introduction of new taxes, as well as the influx of Zamindars and Sahukars (Moneylenders), were the main causes of their uprising.
• Using bow-and-arrows, swords, and axes, the Kols rose up in rebellion against the British-created “Maria Agency“.
• Additionally, some local militia clans led by Radha Krishna Dand Sena helped them. The insurrection finally came to an end in 1955 when Chakra Bisoi was taken prisoner.

Solution (c)

Explanation:

Paika Rebellion of 1817

• The Paika Rebellion also called the Paika Bidroha was an armed rebellion against East India Company’s rule in India in 1817.
• The Paikas were the traditional militia of Odisha. They served as warriors and were charged with policing functions during peacetime.
• The conquest of Odisha by the East India Company in 1803 dethroned the king of Khurda.
• The Paika Rebellion was led by Bakshi Jagabandhu, the former Bakshi or commander of the forces of the Raja of Khurda.
• The Paikas attacked British symbols of power, blazing police stations, administrative offices, and the treasury during their march towards Khurda.
• British were initially taken aback and faced stiff resistance from the rebelling Paikas. However, the Paikas were eventually defeated by the British.

Solution (d)

Explanation:

Tipu Sultan was born in November 1750 to Haidar Ali and Fatima. A well-educated man, he could freely converse in Arabic, Persian, Kanarese, and Urdu.

• Tippu was a great warrior (he was known as the ‘Tiger of Mysore’) and gave maximum care to the raising and maintenance of an efficient military force. He organized his army on the European model with Persian words of command. Though he took the help of the French officers to train his soldiers, he never allowed them (French) to develop into a pressure group. Like his father, Tippu realized the importance of a naval force. In 1796, he set up a Board of Admiralty and planned for a fleet of 22 battleships and 20 large frigates. Three dockyards were established at Mangalore, Wajedabad, and Molidabad. However, his plans did not fructify.
• Tippu was a patron of science and technology. He is credited as the ‘pioneer of rocket technology in India. He wrote a military manual explaining the operation of rockets. He was also a pioneer in introducing sericulture to the Mysore State. Tipu was a great lover of democracy and a great diplomat. (Hence statement 4 is correct)
• He gave his support to the French soldiers at Seringapatam in setting up a Jacobin Club in 1797. He ordered a salute of 2,300 cannons and 500 rockets to celebrate the occasion. Tippu himself became a member of the Jacobin Club and allowed himself to be called Citizen Tippu. (Hence statement 3 is correct.)
• He planted the Tree of Liberty at Srirangapatnam. (Hence statement 1 is correct)
• Tippu is also known to have protected Hindu temples within his own kingdom. He sanctioned funds for the repair of the Sringeri Temple and the installation of the idol of Goddess Sarada (the idol had been damaged during a Maratha raid in 1791). It is necessary not to judge characters of the past with modern yardsticks of secularism and democracy. (Hence statement 2 is correct.)

Solution (a)

Explanation:

The history of the Indian press begins with the coming of the Europeans.

• The Portuguese were the first European nation who brought a printing press to India and the first book published in India was by the Jesuits of Goa in 1557. (Hence statement 1 is in)
• In 1684 the English East India Company set up a printing press in For about a century newspapers were published in the Company’s territories because the Company’s servants in India wished to withhold the news of their malpractices and abuses of ‘private trading’ from reaching London. (Hence statement 3 is correct.)
• The first attempts to publish newspapers in India were made by the disgruntled employees of the East India Company who sought to expose the malpractices of Private trade. (Hence statement 2 is correct.)
• It was James Augustus Hickey who published the first newspaper in India entitled The Bengal Gazette or Calcutta General Advertiser in the year 1780. For his outspoken criticism of Government officials and scurrilous attacks on the Governor-General and the chief Justice, Hickey’s press was seized in 1782. The following years saw the appearance of new publications like The Calcutta Gazette ( 1784), The Bengal Journal (1785), The Oriental Magazine of Calcutta or Calcutta Amusement (1785), The Calcutta Chronicle (1786). The Madras Courier (1788), the Bombay Herald (1789) etc. The promoters of these new publications profited from Hickey’s bitter experience and avoided clash with the authorities.

Solution (b)

Explanation:

Major Reforms Introduced by Lord Cornwallis

Service Reforms

• To reduce corruption in the country, Cornwallis was given the authority related to services offered by the East India Company.
• He established rules which allowed only qualified persons to get into the services irrespective of their connections with higher authorities.
• Top posts were reserved for the Europeans whereas Indians were offered lower grade posts such as Peons and clerks.
• Private trade of the company was abolished completely

Judiciary Reforms

• Cornwallis established courts in the districts, provinces and states. The highest court was the Supreme Court of Calcutta. (Hence statement 1 is correct)
• There were separate courts for civil and criminal cases.
• Cornwallis abolished court fees and then lawyers were to prescribe their fees.(Hence statement 2 is incorrect)
• Government servants could be sued by people for their mistakes.
• He also banned torturous punishments like the chopping off of limbs, nose and ears. (Hence statement 3 is correct)

Police Reforms

• He took the control of the police from the hands of the landlords to the District Superintendent of Police.
• He established thanas to maintain law and order.
• In 1789, he proclaimed that people practicing slavery would be prosecuted by law.

Solution (d)

• The arrival of three ships under Vasco Da Gama, led by a Gujarati pilot named Abdul Majid, at Calicut in May 1498 profoundly affected the course of Indian history. The Hindu ruler of Calicut, the Zamorin (Samuthiri), however, had no apprehensions as to the European’s intentions. Vasco da Gama stayed in India for three months.
• When he returned to Portugal, he carried back with him a rich cargo and sold the merchandise in the European market at a huge profit. Vasco da Gama once again came to India in 1501. Vasco da Gama set up a trading factory at Cannanore. Gradually, Calicut, Cannanore, and Cochin became the important trade centres of the Portuguese.(Hence statement 1 is incorrect)
• Francisco De Almeida, the newly appointed Governor, was asked to consolidate the position of the Portuguese in India and to destroy Muslim trade by seizing Aden, Ormuz, and Malacca. His policy was known as the Blue Water Policy (Cartaze System) (Hence statement 2 is incorrect)
• Albuquerque, who succeeded Almeida as the Portuguese Governor in India, was the real founder of the Portuguese power in the East, a task he completed before his death. He secured for Portugal the strategic control of the Indian Ocean by establishing bases overlooking all the entrances to the sea. Albuquerque acquired Goa from the Sultan of Bijapur in 1510 with ease; the principal port of the Sultan of Bijapur became “the first bit of Indian territory to be under the Europeans since the time of Alexander the Great”. An interesting feature of his rule was the abolition of Sati. (Hence statement 4 is correct)
• Nino da Cunha assumed the office of the Governor of Portuguese interests in India in November 1529 and almost one year later shifted the headquarters of the Portuguese Government in India from Cochin to Goa. He also attempted to increase Portuguese influence in Bengal by settling many Portuguese nationals there with Hooghly as their headquarters. (Hence statement 3 is correct)

Solution (b)

Explanation:

• In 1602, the United East India Company of the Netherlands was formed and given permission by the Dutch government to trade in the East Indies including India. The Dutch founded their first factory in Masaulipatam in Andhra Pradesh in 1605. (Hence statement 1 is incorrect.)
• The Dutch East Indies even conquered Sri Lanka from the Portuguese in 1656. Following this they constructed a series of forts on the Malabar Coast to protect against invasion.
• Despite their presence in India, the Dutch were more invested in strengthening their presence further east in Indonesia and the Malay Peninsula. (Hence statement 2 is correct.)

Solution (d)

Explanation:

• Between 1793 and 1813, these British manufacturers launched a campaign against the company, its trade monopoly, and the privileges it enjoyed. Ultimately, they succeeded in abolishing the East India Company’s monopoly of Indian trade. With this India became an economic colony of Industrial England.
• The decline of Urban Handicrafts: The consequence of these changes in the composition of India‘s exports and imports, was a rapid decline in the demand for products of various urban handicrafts which at one time were so famous and in a flourishing condition. Now, these urban handicrafts in India were unable to successfully face the challenge posed by free imports into India of cheap manufactured goods produced on a large scale in factories in England. This resulted in the decline of urban handicrafts in India. (Hence statement 3 is correct)
• Commercialization of Agriculture: A large number of commercial crops such as tea, coffee, indigo, opium, cotton, jute, sugarcane, and oilseed were introduced. Subsistence farming began gradually to give place to what is known as ‘commercialization of agriculture’. Instead of growing all types of crops for home consumption as was the traditional practice, farmers began to produce one or two crops suitable to the region and which could be sold for the highest profit. (Hence statement 1 is correct)
• The emergence of the Managing Agency System: The most important among the institutions that came into existence during the second half of the 19th century were the European Managing Agency Houses. Managing Agency House ‘was the peculiar product of the Indo-British relations during the 19th century. The Managing Agency Houses raised funds in England and India and took responsibility on behalf of the clients (who had retired from service in India after making a lot of money and generally resided in England) to run industries or trading establishments in India. (Hence statement 2 is correct)

Solution (b)

Explanation:

• Surendranath Banerjee and Anand Mohan Bose founded the Indian Association of Calcutta in 1876. This association was aimed to unify Indian people on a common political program and create a strong public opinion on political questions. (Hence option b is the correct answer)
• As a pre-congress association, the Indian Association of Calcutta first took up the issue of reduction of the maximum age limit for the Indian Civil Services examination from 21 years to 18 years.
• Led by Surendranath Banerjee who himself qualified for the Indian Civil Services, the association organized an all India agitation against this reactionary policy of reducing maximum age by Lord Lytton. This agitation is popularly known as the Indian Civil Service agitation.

Solution (a)

Explanation:

• Guruvayur Satyagraha took place in (1931–32) in the present Thrissur district, which was then part of Ponnani Taluk of Malabar district, now part of Kerala. (Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.)
• It was an effort to allow entry for untouchables into the Guruvayur Temple. (Hence, statement 1 is correct)
• It was led by K. Kelappan, who undertook a hunger strike for 12 days until it was abandoned because of a request from Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian National Congress.
• Kelappan was popularly known as Kerala Gandhi.

Solution (d)

Explanation:

Salient Features of Ryotwari System

In the British territories in south India new system of land revenue known as the ryotwar (or ryotwari) was introduced. It was tried on a small scale by Captain Alexander Read in some of the areas that were taken over by the Company after the wars with Tippu Sultan. Subsequently developed by Thomas Munro, this system was gradually extended all over south India.

The main features of the Ryotwari System are listed below.

• The Ryotwari system was first practiced with the farmers of Madras, Bombay, Assam, and Coorg provinces.(Hence statement 1 is incorrect)
• The Ryotwari System was where the farmers or the cultivators were supposed to be the landowner, which meant they had complete rights to their land.
• Being the owner of the total land area, each cultivator was given complete ownership. They had all the rights to buy, sell, mortgage, and even gift the land to anyone.(Hence statement 2 is correct)
• According to the statement issued by Sir Thomas Munro, the taxes were applied to the land by the government, which had to be paid by the cultivators. (Hence statement 3 is correct)
• Although the Zamindari system has the concept of a middleman, in this Ryotwari System, there was no middleman.

Solution (c)

Explanation:

Portuguese in India

• The Portuguese were the first Europeans to arrive in India and the last to leave. (Portuguese left India in 1961) (Hence statement 1 is incorrect)
• In 1498, Vasco da Gama of Portugal discovered a new sea route from Europe to India. He sailed around Africa via the Cape of Good Hope and reached Calicut. He was welcomed by the Zamorin, the Hindu ruler of Calicut and returned to Portugal in the next year making huge profits from the Indian cargo that was worth 60 times the cost of his expedition.
• In 1500, another Portuguese Pedro Alvares Cabral arrived in India and Vasco da Gama also made a second trip in 1502 CE.
• The Portuguese established trading settlements at Calicut, Cochin and Cannanore.
• The first governor of the Portuguese in India was Francis de Almeida.
• In 1509, Alfonso de Albuquerque was made the governor of the Portuguese territories in India and in 1510, he captured Goa from the ruler of Bijapur (during the reign of Sikander Lodhi) and thereafter, Goa became the capital of the Portuguese settlements in India.
• The Portuguese established their domination over the entire Asian coast from Hormuz in the Persian Gulf to Malacca in Malaya and the Spice Islands in Indonesia. At the time of the death of Alfonso de Albuquerque, the Portuguese were the strongest naval power in India.
• In 1530, Nino da Cunha captured Diu and Bassein from Bahadur Shah of Gujarat. They also established settlements at Salsette, Daman and Bombay on the west coast and at San Thome near Madras and Hugli in Bengal on the east coast.
• However, the Portuguese power declined in India by the end of the 16th century and they lost all their acquired territories in India except Daman, Diu and Goa.

Portuguese Contributions to India

• They brought tobacco cultivation to India. (Hence statement 3 is correct)
• They established the first printing press at Goa in 1556. (Hence statement 2 is incorrect)
• The Indian Medicinal Plants was the first scientific work which was published at Goa in 1563 CE.

Solution (a)

Explanation:

• The First Anglo-Mysore War occurred in 1767-69 between the Nizam, the Marathas, and the English allied together against Haidar Ali. The war continued for a year-and-a-half without any conclusion. Haidar changed his strategy and suddenly appeared before the gates of Madras. There was complete chaos and panic at Madras forcing the English to conclude a very humiliating treaty with Haidar on April 4, 1769—Treaty of Madras. (Hence pair 1 is incorrectly matched.)
• In the Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780-84), Haidar forged an anti-English alliance with the Marathas and the Nizam. He followed it up by an attack in the Carnatic, capturing Arcot, and defeating the English army under Colonel Baillie in 1781. In the meantime, the English (under Sir Eyre Coote) detached both the Marathas and the Nizam from Haidar‘s side, but the undeterred Haidar faced the English boldly only to suffer a defeat at Porto Novo in November 1781.
• However, he regrouped his forces and defeated the English and captured their commander, Braithwaite. Late Haidar Ali died of cancer on December 7, 1782. Now his son, Tippu Sultan, carried on the war for one year without any positive outcome. Fed up with an inconclusive war, both sides opted for peace, negotiating the Treaty of Mangalore (March 1784) under which each party gave back the territories it had taken from the other. (Hence pair 2 is incorrectly matched)
• The English, siding with Travancore, attacked Tippu Sultan in the Third Anglo-Mysore War. After the third war, the Treaty of Seringapatam was signed. Under this treaty of 1792, nearly half of the Mysore territory was taken over by the victors. Baramahal, Dindigul and Malabar went to the English, while the Marathas got the regions surrounding the Tungabhadra and its tributaries and the Nizam acquired the areas from the Krishna to beyond the Pennar. Besides, a war damage of three crore rupees was also taken from Tipu. (Hence pair 3 is correctly matched.)

Solution (c)

Explanation:

• It was Lord Ellenborough who abolished slavery in India. The Indian Slavery Act, 1843, also Act V of 1843, was an act passed in British India under East India Company rule, which outlawed many economic transactions associated with slavery.
• He also famously said that “the Muslim race is fundamentally hostile to us and therefore, our true policy is to conciliate the Hindus”.

Solution (a)

Explanation:

The Battle of Kharda

The Battle of Kharda took place on 11 March 1795 between the Maratha Empire and the Nizam of Hyderabad. The Marathas won a decisive victory. The battle would have a significant impact as the British would take Maratha dominance seriously. Moreover, the refusal of the British to come to the aid of the Nizam despite being under their protection had several Princely States considering their present arrangements with the British. (Hence statement 1 is correct and statement 2 is incorrect)

Events of Kharda Background

• The Battle of Kharda took place at Kharda which currently lies in Ahmednagar District in the state of Maharashtra.
• It is notable because it was the last battle in which the Maratha Confederacy fought as one.
• In 1791, the Marathas had two envoys at the Nizam’s court. They were Govindrao Pingle and Govindrao Kale. The Marathas led by Nana Phadnavis pushed for their demands through these envoys. The Nizam gave his word to talk about it once the war with Tipu Sultan had culminated. Accordingly, both waited for a period of two years.
• Once the negotiations started, the Nizam did a u-turn and suggested that the Marathas owed him 2.5 crore rupees. He also arranged for the British East India Company (Formed on December 31st 1660) officials to act as arbitrators in this matter. Meanwhile, the Nizam had upgraded his army from 2 battalions to 23 battalions. This infuriated the Marathas.
• Talks continued till 1794 and by then both sides realised the futility of talks. Neither side budged from their demands.
• The Maratha Confederacy was led by Sawai Madhavrao Peshwa and Nana Phadnavis. The entire Maratha Confederacy joined in and fought together. The Peshwa was supported by the Holkars, the Shindes, the Gaekwads and the Bhonsales. Together they had about 100000 troops and 100 guns.
• The Nizam’s army marched onwards from Bidar in January 1795. The battle ensued near the Fort at Kharda. The Nizam was routed and had to retreat to the Kharda Fort. The Marathas laid siege to the fort and the Nizam surrendered after holding out for 17 days.
• Hyderabad had to surrender its minister as a prisoner. The Nizam also ceded many territories to the Marathas. Apart from that, he gave a huge amount in tribute.

Solution (a)

Explanation:

• Statement 1 – Correct, It aims to protect biodiversity in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction, which lie outside the 200-mile (322-kilometre) exclusive economic zones of countries.
• Statement 2 – Incorrect, The Ocean Conference adopted the declaration entitled “Our Ocean, Our Future, Our Responsibility” as the outcome document, and recommends that the General Assembly endorse it, at its 76th session.

Solution (c)

Explanation:

The “Technology Innovation Hub on Autonomous Navigation” is a multidisciplinary initiative, which will make India a global player in the futuristic and next generation “Smart Mobility” technology”. In India, there is presently no such testbed facility for assessing autonomous vehicle performance, and hence the need for this TiHAN Testbed

Solution (a)

Explanation:

• Statement 1 – Incorrect, The gender gap in food insecurity has continued to rise in 2021 — 31.9 per cent of women in the world were moderately or severely food insecure, compared with 27.6 per cent of men. Global hunger numbers rose to as many as 828 million in 2021 ,an increase of 46 million on the previous year and an increase of 150 million people since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic
• Statement 2 – Correct, FAO, International Fund for Agriculture Development, UNICEF, UN world food Programme and WHO have jointly released SOFI 2022.

Solution (a)

Explanation:

• Statement 1 – Correct, Dark energy makes up approximately 68% of the universe and appears to be associated with the vacuum in space. It is distributed evenly throughout the universe, not only in space but also in time – in other words, its effect is not diluted as the universe expands. The even distribution means that dark energy does not have any local gravitational effects, but rather a global effect on the universe as a whole.
• Statement 2 – Incorrect, The total mass-energy content of the universe contains 5% ordinary matter and energy, 27% dark matter, and 68% of a form of energy known as dark energy.
• Statement 3 – Incorrect, XENON1T was operated deep underground at the INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso in Italy. It is a deep underground research facility featuring increasingly ambitious experiments aiming to detect dark matter particles. It is not related to NASA.

Solution (b)

Explanation:

• Statement 1 – Incorrect, From next year NIRF ranking categories will also include Innovation and Entrepreneurship. NIRF rankings categories can be increased as per the needs.
• Statement 2 – Correct, The National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) is a methodology adopted by the Ministry of Education, Government of India, to rank institutions of higher education in India.
• Statement 3 – Incorrect, Teaching, Learning and Resources and Research and Professional Practice have the highest weightage in NIRF (0.3). Outreach and Inclusivity and Perception have the lowest weightage (0.1). Graduation outcomes have 0.2 weightage.

Solution (b)

Explanation:

Let the number be X

According to the question,

X = (5k+3)

On squaring both sides

X^2 = (5k+3)^2

• (25k^2 +30k+9)
• 5(5k^2 +6k+1) + 4

Therefore, on dividing the square of a number by 5, the remainder is 4

Solution (b)

Explanation:

Given: P – R = 2370 or P = 2370 + R ;

So, if we consider only 1st statement, R can be 2 or 6 as 2372 and 2376 both will be divisible

by 4.

And if we consider only 2nd statement, R will be having an absolute value of 6 as 2376 will

be divisible by 6.

Hence by taking only 2nd statement into consideration, we can find unique value of R.

So, answer will be option b.

Solution (a)

Explanation:

Remainder when we divide a number by 100 is nothing but the last two digits of the

number.

The last two digits of 7^1 are 07.

The last two digits of 7^2 are 49.

The last two digits of 7^3 are 43.

The last two digits of 7^4 are 01.

The last two digits of powers of 7 go in a cycle – 07, 49, 43, 01.

So, the last two digits of 7^45 are 07.

Solution (a)

Explanation:

(2a) (a) (7a) (3a) (4a)

Let the first digit be = a

Second digit = Twice of first digit = 2a

Third digit = First digit = a

Fifth digit = Sum of first two digits = a + 2a = 3a

Sixth digit = Sum of first three digits = a + 2a + a = 4a

Fourth digit = Sum of fifth and sixth digit = 3a + 4a = 7a

Largest possible value of fourth digit = 7 (any more than that would be >10 and not satisfy

the condition)

Solution (b)

Explanation:

Option a is not related to the passage.

Option c is incomplete.

Option d is not related to the passage.

The author talks about improving the condition of women through various measures which

includes policy, programme actions, education and mass communication.