[DAY 4] 60 DAY RAPID REVISION (RaRe) SERIES for UPSC Prelims 2023 – HISTORY, CURRENT AFFAIRS & CSAT TEST SERIES!

Solution (d)

Explanation:

Types of Reform Movements

Basically, there were two kinds of reform movements in the 19th century in India.

Reformist

Reformism is a political doctrine that favors modifying an existing structure or institution as opposed to getting rid of it and replacing it. A progressive movement is a type of social organization that works to create social or political structures that are more in line with the aspirations of the community. These movements responded with the time and scientific temper of the modern era.

Examples: Brahma Samaj, Aligarh Movement, Prarthana Samaj etc (Hence 1, 2 and 3 are not Revivalist movements)

Revivalist

Revivalist movements believed that the western thinking and missionary propaganda would ruin Indian culture and ethos, and thus there was a need to protect the religion. They were also influenced by the rich cultural heritage of India brought to light by the western scholars, and found that it was even superior to the western culture. These movements started reviving ancient Indian traditions and thoughts and believed that western thinking ruined Indian culture and ethos.

Examples: Arya Samaj, Deoband movement etc (Hence 4 and 5 are Revivalist movements)

Solution (d)

Explanation:

• Swami Dayanand founded the Arya Samaj on April 7, 1875. Through this reform movement, he stressed on One God and rejected idol worship. He also advocated against the extolled position of priests in Hinduism.(Hence statement 1 is incorrect)
• He believed in the infallible authority of the Vedas. Dayanand advocated the doctrine of Karma and Reincarnation. He emphasized the Vedic ideals of brahmacharya, including celibacy and devotion to God.(Hence Statement 2 is correct)
• He also established Vedic schools for the education of girls and boys of all castes. The students of these schools were given free books, clothing, lodging and food, and were taught the Vedas and other ancient scriptures.
• In 1825, Raja Ram Mohan Roy established Vedanta College where courses in both Indian learning and Western social and physical sciences were offered. (Hence statement 3 is incorrect)

Solution (c)

Explanation:

Contributions of Eshwar Chandra Vidyasagar

• He was the nineteenth century polymath reformer whose contribution towards changing the status of women in India is remarkable.
• His study of ancient texts convinced him that the status of Hindu women of his time was not sanctioned by the scriptures and was because of the existing power relations in the society.
• It was the result of his untiring struggle that the then Government of India passed the Widow Remarriage Act in 1856.
• With the purpose of gathering people’s support for the implementation of the provision of remarriage of widows, he encouraged his own son Narayan Chandra Bandyopadhyaya to marry a widow.
• Unlike other reformers who sought to set up alternative societies or systems, Vidyasagar sought to transform society from within.
• Due to his courageous entrepreneurship, widow remarriage was ushered in the conservative Hindu Brahmin society of Bengal.
• He fought for women education and vigorously challenged the barbaric practice of Child Marriage.
• He founded 35 schools for girls throughout Bengal. The Metropolitan School of Calcutta was one of the institutions. The sole purpose of these schools was to make women self-sufficient and empowered.
• Standing tall against the conservative power centers of the hindu society, Vidyasagar was the man who was way ahead of his times.
• His work for the upliftment of women, their self-sufficiency, prosperity and empowerment along with his untiring efforts for ‘Nari Shiksha’ remains unique.

Solution (a)

Explanation:

Vellore Mutiny (1806)

The Vellore mutiny on 10 July 1806 was the first instance of a large-scale and violent mutiny by Indian sepoys against the East India Company, predating the Indian Rebellion of 1857 by half a century. The revolt, which took place in the South Indian city of Vellore, lasted one full day, during which mutineers seized the Vellore Fort and killed or wounded many British troops. The mutiny was subdued by cavalry and artillery from Arcot.

Bhil uprising (1818)

The Bhil uprising of 1818 was one of the first British resistance movements taken up by any group or tribe in the country. The rebellion was against the British feudalism and imperialism in Rajputana. The tribe had had a long history of a peaceful living, but the changes brought about by the British administration and the feudal order made them tumultuous against the government.

Wahabi Movement (1820)

Wahabi Movement was a socio-religious movement started by Sayyid Ahmad in Rae Bareli, India, in early 1820. The Wahabi movement became one of the famous Sunni Islamic revivalist movements intending to restore the original spirit of Islam by protecting it from the influence of Sikhs in Punjab and the British in Bengal.

Sawantwadi Revolt (1844)

Sawantwadi Revolt took place in the year 1844 in the Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra. Their leader was Phond Sawant. He was a Maratha sardar. He captured forts with the help of other sardars.

Solution (d)

Explanation:

• Asiatic Society of Bengal, a scholarly society was founded in 1784, by Sir William Jones, a British lawyer, and Orientalist, to encourage Oriental studies. Until Jones‘s death (1794) it was the vehicle for his ideas about the importance of Hindu culture and learning and about the vital role of Sanskrit in the Aryan languages. Indians were first admitted as members in 1829. (Hence pair 1 is correctly matched.)
• The Calcutta Madrasa was established by Warren Hastings in 1781 for the study of Muslim law and related subjects. (Hence pair 3 is not correctly matched.)
• The Sanskrit College was established by Jonathan Duncan, the resident, at Benaras in 1791 for the study of Hindu law and philosophy.
• Fort William College was set up by Wellesley in 1800 for the training of civil servants of the Company in languages and customs of Indians (closed in 1802). (Hence pair 2 is not correctly matched.)
• The Hindu College of Calcutta was founded in 1817 and the foundation committee was headed by Raja Ram Mohan Roy, the great Social Reformer. It was established with the primary objective of providing tuition to the ‘sons of respectable Hindus, in the English and Indian languages and in the literature and science of Europe and Asia’.

Solution (b)

Explanation:

List of Important Leaders associated with the revolt of 1857

Solution (c)

Explanation:

• The Theosophical Society was founded by Westerners who drew inspiration from Indian culture and thought. Madame H.P Blavatsky laid the foundation of the movement in New York City, United States in 1875. (Hence statement 1 is incorrect.)
• Later, Colonel M.S Olcott of the U.S Army joined her. The society shifted its headquarters to India at Adyar, an outskirt of Madras. (Hence statement 2 is correct.)
• It aimed to work for the Universal Brotherhood of Humanity without distinction of race, sex, creed, caste, or color. The Society also seeks to investigate the unexplained laws of nature and the powers latent in man. (Hence statement 3 is correct.)
• Annie Besant became its president in 1907 after the death of Olcott. The theosophical society came to be aligned with the Hindu renaissance.

Solution (c)

Explanation:

Woods Dispatch

• In 1854, Charles Wood prepared a dispatch on an educational system for India. This document was the first comprehensive plan for the spread of education in India so considered the “Magna Carta of English Education in India”.(Hence statement 1 is correct)
• It recommended English as the medium of for higher studies and vernaculars at the school level. (Hence statement 2 is incorrect)
• It laid down that the education imparted in government institutions should be secular. And recommended a system of grants-in-aid to encourage private enterprise. (Hence statement 3 is correct)
• It asked the Government of India to assume responsibility for the education of the masses, thus repudiating the ‘downward filtration theory’, at least on paper.
• It systematized the hierarchy from vernacular primary schools in villages at the bottom, followed by Anglo-Vernacular High Schools and an affiliated college at the district level, and affiliating universities in the presidency towns of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras.
• It laid stress on female and vocational, education, and teachers’ training.

Solution (a)

Explanation:

• The Vernacular Press Act 1878 was designed to ‘better control’ the vernacular press and to empower the Government with more effective means of punishing and repressing seditious writings. The Act empowered:
• A District Magistrate with the previous permission of a Local Government to call upon the printer and publisher of any vernacular newspaper to enter into a bond undertaking not to publish anything likely to excite feelings of disaffection against the government or antipathy between persons of different races, castes and religions among Her Majesty’s subjects. (Hence statement 2 is correct)
• The magistrate could further require a publisher to deposit security and to forfeit it if the newspaper contravened the regulation. If the offence reoccurred, the press equipment could seized. (Hence statement 3 is correct)
• The magistrate’s action was final no appeal could be made to a court of law. (Hence statement 1 is correct)
• A vernacular newspaper could get exemption from the operation of the Act by submitting proofs of the paper to a government censor.
• The act came to be nicknamed Gagging Act.
• The Vernacular Press Act was repealed in 1882 by the Government of Lord Ripon. Ripon, the nominee of the Liberal Government of Gladstone, held the view that the circumstances which justified the Act of 1878 no longer existed. (Hence Statement 4 is incorrect)

Solution (b)

Explanation:

• Lord Dalhousie, Governor-General of India from 1848 to 1856 was born on 22 April 1812. He introduced the Doctrine of Lapse policy which turned out to be one of the major causes of the Revolt of 1857.
• He introduced railways in India and the first railway line from Mumbai to Thane was opened in 1853.
• He introduced the Electric Telegraph System in India in 1852. The first telegraph line from Calcutta to Agra was opened in 1854.
• Despite the Doctrine, many regard Lord Dalhousie as the ‘Maker of modern India’. Lord Dalhousie also started many Anglo-vernacular schools in India. He also brought about social reforms such as banning the practice of female infanticide.
• He firmly believed that western administrative reforms were necessary and far superior to Indian systems.
• He also started engineering colleges to provide resources for the newly-established public works department in each presidency.

Solution (a)

Explanation:

• Young Bengal Movement was a radical trend that arose in the 1820s and 30s among the Bengali intellectuals. Its leader was an anglo-Indian, Henry Vivian Derozio. (Hence statement 1 is correct.)
• Henry Vivian Derozio‘s followers were known as Derozians. He was the first nationalistic poet of modern India.
• Derozians carried forward Raja Ram Mohan Roy’s tradition of educating people through newspapers, pamphlets, and public associations.
• They carried on public associations on public questions such as revision of the company‘s charter, freedom of the press, and better treatment of Indian labors in British colonies abroad.
• They also advocated for women’s rights and demanded education for them.
• They did not succeed in creating a movement because social conditions were not ripe for their ideas to flourish.
• They did not take up the peasant’s cause and there was no other class or group in Indian society at the time which could support their advanced ideas. (Hence statement 2 is incorrect.)
• Surendranath Bannerjee described Derozians as the pioneers of the modern civilization of Bengal.

Solution (d)

Explanation:

Jyothiba Phule

• Jyotirao Phule was born in 1827 at Katgun, Satara District, and Maharashtra.
• He was a social reformer, thinker and social activist.
• He was born in amongst the “low-caste” leaders, Phule was one of the most vocal leaders.
• He was educated in a school established by the Chrisitan Missionaries.
• Jyotirao Phule was from a caste society which was socially excluded.
• Jyotirao Phule was the founder of Satyashodak Samaj. It was founded in 1873. The primary emphasis of this Samaj was “seeking truth”.
• Satyashodak Samaj was devoted to secure social justice and human rights of low-caste people.
• In 1873, Phule wrote a book named Gulamgiri, meaning Slavery. (Hence statement 1 is correct)
• Jyotirao Phule had dedicated Gulamgiri to all those Americans who had fought to free slaves, thereby establishing a link between black slaves of America and people of lower castes in India.
• He was started the first school for women in Pune. (Hence statement 2 is correct)
• In 1888, Maharashtrian social activist Vithalrao Krishnaji Vandekar had bestowed Jyotirao Phule with an honorific ‘Mahatma title’, meaning ‘venerable’ or ‘great-souled’. (Hence statement 3 is incorrect)

Solution (c)

Explanation:

List of Political Organizations before INC

Solution (b)

Explanation:

• Awadh remained an independent entity till 7 February 1856 when Lord Dalhousie annexed it to the British Empire in India.(Hence statement 1 is incorrect)
• In 1831 William Bentinck took control of Mysore on the grounds of misgovernance.
• In simple terms, the doctrine stated that the adopted son could be the heir to his foster father’s private property, but not the state; it was for the paramount power (the British) to decide whether to bestow the state on the adopted son or to annex it. The doctrine was stated to be based on Hindu law and Indian customs, but Hindu law seemed to be somewhat inconclusive on this point, and the instances of an Indian sovereign annexing the state of his vassal on account of lapse‘ (i.e., leaving no issue as heir) were rather rare.
• Annexation of Awadh: Lord Dalhousie was keen on annexing the kingdom of Awadh. But the task presented certain difficulties.
• For one, the Nawabs of Avadh had been British allies since the Battle of Buxar, Moreover, they had been most obedient to the British over the years. The Nawab of Avadh had many heirs and could not, therefore, be covered by the Doctrine of Lapse. Some other pretext had to be found for depriving him of his dominions. Finally, Lord Dalhousie hit upon the idea of alleviating the plight of the people of Avadh. Nawab Wajid Ali Shah was accused of having misgoverned his state and of refusing to introduce reforms. His state was therefore annexed in 1856. (Hence statements 2 is correct.)

Solution (d)

Explanation:

William Bentinck

• William Bentinck was born on 14 September 1774 at Buckinghamshire, England to William Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland and Lady Dorothy. His father was a Prime Minister of Great Britain. Bentinck joined the British army at the age of 16 and had become a colonel by 1798. In 1803, he was named the Governor of Madras. He later served as Governor-General of India from 1828-1835. He is credited with reforms in educational, social and judicial spheres during his tenure as Governor-General of British India.
• It was during his term as governor of Madras that the Vellore Mutiny took place prompted by his order that the Indian troops be denied permission to wear their traditional dress. As a result, he was recalled in 1807.
• Along with Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Bentinck tried to suppress many superstitious practices prevalent then. Sati, the practice of widow burning, was abolished by the Bengal Sati Regulation (Regulation XVII) on 4th December 1829.(Hence statement 1 is correct)
• He also tried to control, with Ram Mohan Roy’s advocacy, practices like polygamy, child marriages and caste rigidity.
• He opened the Calcutta Medical College in 1835 and it became the first western medical college in all of Asia where people could be admitted irrespective of caste or creed.(Hence statement 2 is correct)
• Bentinck also did a commendable job of controlling organised Thuggee. Thugs were gangs of professional thieves and even murderers that had created a huge law and order problem. Thuggee was finished off by 1837.
• In 1835, the ‘Thuggee and Dacoity Department’ was created by William Bentinck and William Henry Sleeman was made its superintendent. He was later promoted as its Commissioner in 1839. (Hence statement 3 is correct)

Solution (c)

Explanation:

Swami Vivekananda

• Vivekananda was the first spiritual leader who thought beyond religious reforms.
• In 1893, he participated in the All World Religious Conference (Parliament of Religions) at Chicago in the United States of America. He argued that Vedanta was the religion of all and not of the Hindus alone.
• Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission are twin organizations that form the core of a worldwide spiritual movement known as the Ramakrishna Movement or Vedanta Movement.
• The Ramakrishna Mission is a philanthropic, volunteer organization founded by Sri Ramakrishna’s chief disciple Swami Vivekananda on May 1, 1897.
• The Mission conducts extensive work in health care, disaster relief, rural management, tribal welfare, elementary and higher education and culture.
• Vande Mataram was first sung was in 1896 session of the Indian National Congress. The 1896 session of the Indian National Congress was held in Calcutta. It was presided by Rahmathulla Sayani.

Solution (a)

Explanation:

Lord Hastings served as Governor General of India from 1813 to 1823, a long ten years term. His tenure is known for policy of intervention and war. Two important wars viz. Gurkha War and Third Anglo Maratha war occurred during his tenure. The Third Anglo Maratha war consisted of skirmishes such as Pindari war, Battle of Sitalbaldi, Battle of Mahidpur and Battle of Khadki.

• He simplified the judicial proceedings
• Abolished the Censorship Act.
• Abolition of Peshwaship
• Establishment of the Ryotwari System in Madras (By Thomas Munroe) and Bombay
• Mahalwari system in north-western Provinces and Bombay

Solution (d)

Explanation:

Ahmadiyya Movement

• The Ahmadiyya Movement aimed to improve religious freedom and followed a Messianic movement. A certain Muslim sect named Ahmadiyya came into existence in India. Founded in 1889 by Mirza Ghulam Ahmed in Punjab, the Ahmadiyya Movement seeks to reconcile the Hindu faith with the way of living. The foundations of the Ahmadiyya Movement were liberal values.
• Ahmadiya Movement was founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmed.(Hence statement 1 is correct)
• It described itself as standard bearer of Mohammedan Renaissance. .(Hence statement 2 is correct)
• It is based itself on the principles of Brahmo Samaj. (Hence statement 3 is correct)
• It Opposed jihad and worked for spreading western liberal education among Indian Muslims. (Hence statement 4 is correct)

Solution (b)

Explanation:

The Permanent Settlement

The Permanent Settlement of Bengal was brought into effect by the East India Company headed by the Governor-General Lord Cornwallis in 1793. This was basically an agreement between the company and the Zamindars to fix the land revenue. First enacted in Bengal, Bihar and Odisha, this was later followed in northern Madras Presidency and the district of Varanasi. (Hence statement 1 is incorrect)

Features of the Permanent Settlement

• Landlords or Zamindars were recognised as the owners of the land. They were given hereditary rights of succession of the lands under them. (Hence statement 2 is correct)
• The Zamindars could sell or transfer the land as they wished.
• The Zamindars’ proprietorship would stay as long as he paid the fixed revenue at the said date to the government. If they failed to pay, their rights would cease to exist and the land would be auctioned off.
• The amount to be paid by the landlords was fixed. It was agreed that this would not increase in future (permanent). (Hence statement 3 is correct)
• The fixed amount was 10/11th portion of the revenue for the government and 1/10th was for the Zamindar. This tax rate was way higher than the prevailing rates in England.
• The Zamindar also had to give the tenant a patta which described the area of the land given to him and the rent he had to pay the landlord.

Solution (b)

Explanation:

Newspapers were used to spread awareness among the people of the country to unite against the Britishers to attain independence. Modern ideas of democracy, freedom, equality and patriotism were propagated through the medium of media.

Some of the prominent nationalist newspapers of the period were

Solution (a)

Explanation:

• The Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve is a biosphere reserve in India established in 2001, located in the southernmost end of the Western Ghats and includes 3,500.36 km2 (1,351.50 sq mi) of which 1828 km2 is in Kerala and 1672.36 km2 is in Tamil Nadu.
• It encompasses the following wildlife sanctuaries: Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary, Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary, Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary, and Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve. Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve became part of World Network of Biosphere Reserves in 2016.

Solution (a)

Explanation:

• Statement 1 – Correct, The Global Gender Gap Index is released by the World Economic Forum.
• Statement 2 – Incorrect, although no country achieved full gender parity, the top 10 economies closed at least 80% of their gender gaps, with Iceland (90.8%) leading the global ranking. Iceland is followed by Finland (86%, 2nd), Norway (84.5%, 3rd)
• Statement 3 – Incorrect, Educational Attainment sub-index includes metrics such as literacy rate and the enrolment rates in primary, secondary and tertiary education. Here India ranks 107th out of 146. Political Empowerment sub-index includes metrics such as the percentage of women in Parliament, the percentage of women in ministerial positions Of all the sub-indices, this is where India ranks the highest (48th out of 146).

Solution (d)

Explanation:

• Statement 1 – Incorrect, C40 started in October 2005 when London Mayor Ken Livingstone convened representatives from 18 megacities to forge an agreement on cooperatively reducing climate pollution and created the ‘C20’. In 2006, Mayor Livingstone and the Clinton Climate Initiative (CCI)—led by the efforts of former U.S. President Bill Clinton—combined to strengthen both organizations, bringing the number of cities in the network to 40 and helping to deliver projects and project management for participating cities to further enhance emissions reductions efforts. It is not an initiative of UNEP.
• Statement 2 – Incorrect, While C40 originally targeted megacities for their greater capacity to address climate change, C40 now offers three types of membership categories to reflect the diversity of cities taking action to address climate change. The categories consider such characteristics as population size, economic output, environmental leadership, and the length of a city’s membership. The three types are Megacities, Innovator cities, Observer cities

Solution(c)

Explanation:

• Statement 1 – Correct, Prices of coal from all the sales channels of coal, including import, as existing today are taken into account for compiling the NCI. The amount of revenue share per tonne of coal produced from auctioned blocks would be arrived at using the NCI by means of defined formula.
• Statement 2 – Incorrect, It is a price index which reflects the change of price level of coal in a particular month relative to the fixed base year. The base year for the NCI is Financial Year 2017-18.
• Statement 3 – Correct, NCI is composed of a set of five sub-indices: Three for Non Coking Coal and two for Coking Coal. The three sub-indices for Non Coking Coal are combined to arrive at the Index for Non Coking Coal and the two sub-indices for Coking Coal are combined to arrive at the Index for Coking Coal.

Solution (a)

Explanation:

• Statement 1 – Correct, The scheme aims to achieve outcomes like: Zero fatalities in sanitation work in India , No sanitation workers come in direct contact with human faecal matter ,All Sewer and Septic tank sanitation workers have access to alternative livelihoods
• Statement 2 – Incorrect, The scheme is a joint venture of Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment and the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.

Solution (a)

Explanation:

Each signal requires the use of 2 flags.

There will be as many flags as there are ways of filling in 2 vacant places _ _ in succession by

the given 5 flags of different colors.

The upper vacant place can be filled in 5 different ways by any one of the 5 flags following

which, the lower vacant place can be filled in 4 different ways by any one of the remaining 4

different flags.

Thus, by multiplication principle, the number of different signals that can be generated is 5 ×

4 = 20

Solution (a)

Taking all person of same nationality as one person, then we will have only three people.

These three person can be arranged themselves in 3! Ways.

8 Indians can be arranged themselves in 8! Way.

4 American can be arranged themselves in 4! Ways.

4 Englishman can be arranged themselves in 4! Ways.

Hence, required number of ways = 3!*8!*4!*4! Ways.

Solution (b)

Explanation:

In the word EQUATION, there are 5 vowels, namely, A, E, I, O, and U, and 3 consonants,

namely, Q, T, and N.

Since all the vowels and consonants have to occur together, both (AEIOU) and (QTN) can be

assumed as single objects. Then, the permutations of these 2 objects taken all at a time are

counted.

This number would be P (2, 2) = 2!

Corresponding to each of these permutations, there are 5! Permutations of the five vowels

taken all at a time and 3! permutations of the 3 consonants taken all at a time

Hence, by multiplication principle, required number of words = 2! × 5! × 3! = 1440

Solution (c)

Explanation:

 No. of ways in which 10 paper can arranged is 10! Ways.

When the best and the worst papers come together, regarding the two as one paper, we

have only 9 papers.

These 9 papers can be arranged in 9! Ways.

And two papers can be arranged themselves in 2! Ways.

No. of arrangement when best and worst paper do not come together

= 10! – 9! 2!

= 9! (10-2) = 8 × 9!

Solution (b)

Explanation:

Now we need to look at the 4 options to see which one reflects the central idea best.

Option a: This is certainly not the main idea of the paragraph. The paragraph argues against

the belief of behavioural economists that decisions of the poor tend to be flawed from an

economic point of view.

Option b: This, clearly, is the main idea of the paragraph. The causes of poverty are

inequality and unemployment and the onus of poverty alleviation should be on the state.

Poverty does not prevent the poor from thinking and acting in ways to take them out of

poverty as the behavioural economists believe. This thinking also removes the role of the

wealthy in the poverty alleviation debate.

Option c: This statement contradicts the main idea of the paragraph and hence is ruled out.

Option d: The paragraph does argue that public policy needs to focus on employment,

health and education rather than changing the behavior of the poor. However, the part of

statement that reads “rather than addressing inequality is clearly incorrect. The paragraph

argues that the structural causes of poverty are rising inequality and unemployment and

that these need to be the focus of public policy.