Indian History & Post-Independence, TLP-UPSC Mains Answer Writing
Q.3. Assess the role of press and literature from different regions in mobilising nationalist sentiment during the freedom struggle. (150 words, 10 marks)
Introduction
The nationalist press and regional literature played a vital role in spreading political awareness and uniting people across India against British rule through newspapers, journals, and literary works in different languages.
Body
Functions of Press and Literature in the Struggle
- Dissemination of nationalist ideology: Created political awareness among masses. Example: Newspapers like Kesari (Marathi) and Amrita Bazar Patrika (Bengali) popularised Swadeshi ideas.
- Critique of colonial policies: Questioned British exploitation and repressive laws. Example: Tilak’s Kesari opposed the Age of Consent Act and sedition laws.
- Platform for public discourse: Enabled debates on Swaraj, non-violence, and revolution. Example: Young India and Harijan published Gandhian views on caste and rural upliftment.
- Use of vernacular languages: Reached grassroots people and enhanced inclusivity. Example: Tamil weekly India by Subramania Bharati inspired nationalist pride.
- Bengal’s literary renaissance: Writers like Bankim Chandra and Tagore stirred patriotic feelings. Example: ‘Anandamath’ introduced ‘Vande Mataram’ as a nationalist hymn.
- Punjab and Urdu press: Sikh press mobilised for Gurdwara reform and political awareness. Example: Zamindar by Maulana Zafar Ali Khan promoted political consciousness.
- Hindi and Urdu literature: Writers like Premchand depicted rural hardships under colonialism. Example: Stories such as “Poos ki Raat” evoked empathy and nationalism.
Challenges Faced by Press and Literature
- Censorship and repression: The colonial government imposed strict Press Acts to curb nationalist writings. Example: The Press Act of 1910 aimed to silence anti-British voices.
- Financial difficulties: Many nationalist publications struggled due to lack of funds and advertisements.
- Risk of imprisonment: Editors and writers often faced arrest and harassment for their views. Example: Bal Gangadhar Tilak was imprisoned for his writings.
Conclusion
The press and regional literature were essential in building a national spirit and motivating people to join the freedom struggle. Despite challenges, they inspired hope and courage among Indians to fight for independence.
