Ethics Theory, TLP-UPSC Mains Answer Writing
Q. 1. “Discuss the applications of nanotechnology in agriculture and healthcare. Highlight the key challenges in its widespread adoption in India.” (150 words, 10 marks)
Introduction
Nanotechnology refers to the manipulation of matter at the atomic and molecular scale, typically below 100 nanometers. It offers transformative applications in sectors like agriculture and healthcare, promising higher efficiency and smarter solutions.
Body
Applications in Agriculture
- Nano-fertilizers: Increase nutrient use efficiency and reduce wastage. Example: ICAR developed zinc nano-fertilizers enhance crop yield with minimal environmental impact.
- Nano-pesticides: Enable targeted delivery and reduce chemical load on soil. Example: IIT Kharagpur created nano-formulations to combat fungal infections in crops.
- Soil Health Monitoring: Nano-sensors detect nutrient deficiencies and pH levels in real time. Example: Portable nano-sensors help farmers make timely soil amendment decisions.
- Food Packaging and Preservation: Nano-coatings prevent microbial contamination and extend shelf life. Example: Nano-silver embedded packaging materials preserve perishable items.
- Water Purification for Irrigation: Nano-filters remove toxins and heavy metals from irrigation water. Example: Nano-iron particles used to clean arsenic-contaminated water in Bengal.
Applications in Healthcare
- Targeted Drug Delivery: Nanoparticles deliver drugs directly to affected cells, minimizing side effects. Example: Liposomal doxorubicin used in breast cancer therapy.
- Early Disease Diagnosis: Nano-biosensors detect diseases at molecular levels. Example: Gold nanoparticle-based kits for TB and cancer screening.
- Nano-imaging and Theranostics: Combines diagnostics and therapy in a single nanodevice. Example: Quantum dots used in imaging cancer cells.
- Antimicrobial Coatings: Nano-silver and copper coatings reduce hospital-acquired infections. Example: AIIMS used nano-coatings on medical instruments during COVID-19.
- Regenerative Medicine: Nanomaterials aid tissue repair and wound healing. Example: Nano-hydroxyapatite scaffolds in bone regeneration.
Challenges in Widespread Adoption in India
- High Cost and Limited Access: Nanotech products are expensive and unaffordable for small farmers and rural clinics. Example: Nano-fertilizers cost significantly more than conventional ones.
- Regulatory Gaps and Safety Concerns: Lack of standardized safety protocols for nanomaterials. Example: No comprehensive Indian regulation for nano-pesticide residue limits.
- Limited R&D Infrastructure: Few dedicated nanotech labs for agriculture or public healthcare. Example: Most innovations limited to premier institutes like IITs and CSIR labs.
- Low Awareness and Skill Deficit: Farmers and healthcare workers lack training in nanotech applications. Example: Few extension programs include nano-based agricultural solutions.
Way Forward
- Dedicated National Mission: Implement a comprehensive National Mission on Nano-Bio Applications in Agriculture and Health under the Department of Science & Technology.
- Regulatory Framework: Strengthen the guidelines under the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) and Central Insecticides Board to cover nanomaterials.
- Capacity Building: Expand training and outreach through Krishi Vigyan Kendras and Ayushman Bharat to raise awareness and build local capacity.
- Government Incentives: Promote startups and public-private partnerships through schemes like the National Nanotechnology Mission and Make in India.
Conclusion
Nanotechnology holds immense potential for revolutionizing agriculture and healthcare in India. Overcoming infrastructural, regulatory, and financial hurdles is crucial to realize its benefits and ensure inclusive, safe, and sustainable deployment across the nation.
