[DAY 4] 60 DAY RAPID REVISION (RaRe) SERIES for UPSC Prelims 2022 – HISTORY, CURRENT AFFAIRS & CSAT; Test Series, Videos & Notes!

Solution(a)

Statement Analysis:

Solution (a)

Statement Analysis:

Notes:

The All India Women’s Conference (AIWC), founded by Margaret Cousins in 1927, was perhaps the first women’s organization with an egalitarian approach. Its first conference was held at Ferguson College, Pune. Important founding members included Maharani Chimnabai Gaekwad, Rani Sahiba of Sangli, Sarojini Naidu, Kamla Devi Chattopadhyaya and Lady Dorab Tata. 

Solution (a)

Explanation:

Swami Dayanand Saraswati considered the Vedas as eternal and infallible. He was against idolatry, rituals and priesthood, and attacked child marriages and the caste system based on birth; encouraged inter-caste marriages and widow marriages. He considered the Puranas to be full of falsehood.

Solution (d)

Statement Analysis:

Solution (c)

Statement Analysis:

Notes:

Prarthana Samaj –

• The Prarthana Samaj, a leading society for socio-religious reform was established on 31 March 1867 in Bombay by Atmaram Panduranga. Prarthana Samaj became very popular after M G Ranade joined the organisation.
• The Samaj was different from the Brahmo Samaj of Bengal in that it was not as radical and took a cautious approach to the reformist programmes. For this reason, it was better received by the public as well.
• They also propagated monotheism and denounced idol worship.
• They also accepted all religious teaching including Christian and Buddhist ideas. 
• They were staunchly against the division of society into castes. Members of the Samaj had communal meals prepared by a cook from a ‘low caste’. They also ate bread that was baked by a Christian and drank water brought by a Muslim.
• The Samaj did not question the existence of god but fostered a firm belief in one god. They sang hymns during the society’s meetings. The Samaj also encouraged a firm love and reverence for god.
• It was also against certain tenets of Hinduism like god’s incarnations. Through the society was against idol worship, its members could continue to practice Hindu ceremonies at home. It was often said that the Prarthana Samaj paid homage to Hinduism but with a protest.
• The society had many programmes to propagate women’s education. It also opened homes for orphans and widows. It also supported widow remarriage. It established several schools as well that imparted western education.
• The society’s meetings were done in secret for fear of a backlash from the orthodoxy. 
• In fact, the Prarthana Samaj never directly attacked the orthodox sections of society or Brahminical power.
• The Samaj was greatly influenced by the Brahmo Samaj and the Arya Samaj of Dayananda Saraswati, but it continued as an independent movement.
• Apart from Ranade, other important members of the Samaj included Sanskrit scholar Sir Ramakrishna Gopal Bhandarkar and political leader Sir Narayan Chandavarkar.

Solution (c)

Statement Analysis:

Notes:

Socio-religious movements were for introducing social reforms based on humanism by stopping India’s moral and material decadence. Even Ram Mohan Roy pleaded for radical westernization to rejuvenate the decaying Indian culture and society.

These movements did not have an all-India character. They were localised in Bengal, Maharashtra, Punjab, etc. Their impact was generally limited to the educated, upper-middle and middle classes. Assimilation of rationalism values, universal brotherhood, and freedom of man and equality of sexes was not so easy with the Indian tradition and culture.

Solution (c)

Statement Analysis:

Solution (c)

Statement Analysis:

Notes:

The Revolt of 1857 was primarily an anti-imperialist and the sepoys and the civilians wanted to throw out the imperial rulers. Broadly viewed this rebellion on an extensive scale with an object of ending the country’s alien rule appeared as a “war of independence” for some people.

To study about the factors responsible for the revolt, one can visualize that the help of political frustration, social inequality, religious beliefs and the imbalanced economy were exploded by the match stick of greased cartridges and the discontentment of the sepoys. 

Other religious reasons were-

• Laws were passed to stop the practice of sati and to encourage the remarriage of widows.
• Many Indians began to feel that the British were destroying their religion, social customs, and traditional way of life.

Solution (c)

Statement Analysis:

Solution (c)

Statement Analysis:

Solution (a)

Explanation:

• Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar was an Indian educator and social reformer. Vidyasagar championed the upliftment of the status of women in India, particularly in his native Bengal. Unlike some other reformers who sought to set up alternative societies or systems, he sought to transform society from within. He was the most prominent campaigner for Hindu widow remarriage and petitioned the Legislative council despite severe opposition and a counter-petition against the proposal with nearly four times more signatures by Radhakanta Deb and the Dharma Sabha. He was the principal of the Sanskrit College and opposed the monopoly of Sanskrit only to upper castes. Hence option (a) is the correct answer.

• David Hare was a Scottish watchmaker and philanthropist in Bengal, India. He founded many educational institutions in Calcutta such as the Hindu School, and Hare School, and helped in founding Presidency College. David Hare was instrumental in establishing the School Book Society on 6 May 1817. It took the initiative to print and publish textbooks in both English and Bengali. This society contributed substantially to the flowering of the Bengal Renaissance.
• Karsondas Mulji was a Gujarati language journalist, writer, and social reformer from India. He became a vernacular schoolmaster and started Satyaprakash, a weekly in Gujarati, in which he attacked what he perceived to be the immoralities of the Maharajas or hereditary high priests.
• Sir Raja Radhakanta Deb Bahadur was a scholar and a leader of the Calcutta conservative Hindu society. An accomplished scholar, Radhakanta was proficient in Sanskrit, Persian, and Arabic. He published Shabda Kalpadruma, a Sanskrit language dictionary. Radhakanta Deb always showed a marked interest in promoting education, particularly English education among the Hindus; he also advocated female education. Radhakanta Deb was actively involved in the establishment and activities of the Calcutta School Book Society in 1817 and the Calcutta School Society in 1818. Despite his contribution to the cause of education, he was a strong upholder of social conservatism. Although sati was not practiced in his own family, he came forward to defend the custom when the Government contemplated its abolition.

Solution (c)

Statement Analysis:

Solution (d)

Statement Analysis:

Solution (d)

Statement Analysis:

Solution (c)

Explanation:

• Born Mul Shankar Tiwari, Dayananda was a prolific socio-religious reformer. Dayananda understood that Hinduism had strayed away from its roots and had become tainted. He decided that to restore the true religion, it was needed to go back to the Vedas.
• He promised his Guru Virajananda, that he would strive hard to reinstate the position of the Vedas to its rightful honored place in the Hindu religion and way of life. He was staunchly against rituals and superstitions. He criticized the concept of humans attaining moksha (salvation) to seek union with God. 
• Instead, he advocated that God, soul, and matter (Prakriti) are all distinct and eternal entities. He also opposed the belief in the principles of niyati (destiny). He stated that every individual must work on his own for his salvation.
• He also exhorted the importance of cows for the prosperity of the nation and encouraged the adoption of Hindi for national integration.
• He founded the Arya Samaj on April 7, 1875. Through this reform movement, he stressed One God and rejected idol worship. He also advocated against the extolled position of priests in Hinduism. He also established Vedic schools for the education of girls and boys of all castes. Arya Samaj was also involved in Shuddhi ceremonies to reconvert people who had converted from Hinduism to other faiths.
• He wrote three books, viz. Satyartha Prakash, Veda-Bhashya Bhumika, and Veda-Bhashya and toured India extensively to spread his teachings. He had given the slogan ‘India for the Indians‘. This slogan became the basis of the Indian National Congress during the Calcutta session, remarkable for the slogan Swaraj. He was the first to give the call for Swaraj as “India for Indians” in 1876, a call later taken up by Lokmanya Tilak.

Note:

India for Indians is also the title of a book authored by C.R Das. 

Solution (b)

Explanation:

The journal Stri-Dharma was published by the Women’s Indian Association from 1918 to 1936. It endeavored to be the voice of the Indian women’s rights movement of the period.

It addressed political and social issues facing women in India as well as the achievements of women worldwide.

It was a monthly journal in English but also included articles in Hindi and Telugu, Tamil.

Muthulakshmi Reddy worked as the editor of this Journal from 1931 to 1940. It contained the news which was of interest to women, reports from various other branches and articles on Women‘s Education.

Women’s Indian Association (WIA):

Women’s Indian Association (WIA) was founded at Adayar, Madras, in 1917 by Annie Besant, Margaret Cousins, Jeena Raja Dasa, and others to liberate women from the deplorable condition women suffered in socio-economic and political matters during the 19th and the early 20th century.

It sought-

• to secure for every girl and boy the right of education through schemes of compulsory primary education, including the teaching of religion.
• to secure the abolition of child marriages below 16.
• to secure women the right to vote in municipal and legislative councils on the same terms as it is or may be granted to men
• to secure for women the right to be elected as members of all municipal and legislative councils
• to eradicate social evils like the devadasi system

Solution (b)

Statement Analysis:

Note:

Hitavada began to be published in the year 1911 to project the views of the Servants of India 

Society, founded by Gopal Krishna Gokhale in 1905 with the help of MG Ranade.

Solution (c)

Statement Analysis:

Solution (b)

Statement Analysis:

Note:

From the beginning itself, Trade Unions were not confined to workers alone. From 19th Century itself there were Employer’s associations in the form of Chamber of Commerce, Industrial Associations etc. to protect and promote the interests of their members in a concerted manner.

• The Amalgamated Society of railway servants of India and Burma formed in 1897, Printers’ Union formed in Calcutta in 1905, the Bombay Postal Union which was formed in 1907, 
• Trade Union movement began in India after the end of First World War. After a decade following the end of First World War the pressing need for the coordination of the activities of the individual unions was recognised. Thus, the All India Trade Union Congress was formed in 1920 on a National Basis, the Central Labour Board, Bombay and the Bengal Trades Union Federation was formed in 1922.
• The All India Railwaymen’s Federation is the largest trade union of Indian Railways workers with a membership of 1.4 million. It is affiliated with the socialist trade union centre, Hind Mazdoor Sabha. All India Railwaymen’s Federation (AIRF) was formed in 1924.
• Prior to that several unions of the Railwaymen had been formed on various Railways and had conducted several agitations and strikes for the rights of the working class – since later part of the 19th Century (starting from 1862) and thereafter – including those from 1919 to 1922, 1925 to 1927 as well as in 1930s and 1940s.
• In 1917 Anasuya Sarabhai had led the Ahmedabad textile workers’ strike and in 1920 under her leadership the Majoor Mahajan, the Ahmedabad textile mill workers union was established.
• AITUC, the union federation in India was set up in 1920. It was founded by Lala Lajpat Rai, Joseph Baptista, N.M Joshi and Diwan Chaman Lall. Lajpat Rai was elected the first president of AITUC.

Solution (c)

Statement Analysis:

Notes:

• The first few rebellions or fituris in northern Andhra Pradesh region between 1839 and 1862, were initiated by the local muttadars or estate holders, who found their power curbed and rights denied by the intrusion of the new outside control.
• However, in the late nineteenth century some other changes took place that brought the masses of tribal peasants into the Rampa rebellion of 1879. This tradition of tribal resistance survived upto 1920 in Gudem-Rampa region.

• The grievances were basically the old ones of exploitation by moneylenders, and forest laws restricting shifting cultivation and age-old grazing rights. Alluri Sitarama Raju allegedly claimed that he was bullet-proof, and a rebel proclamation announced the imminent coming of Kalki-avatar. Yet in meetings with local officials during the rebellion, Sitarama Raju ‘spoke highly of Mr Gandhi’, but considered ‘that violence is necessary’. 
• Sitarama Raju was captured in 1924 and the resistance was finally stamped out in September 1924.

Solution (a)

Statement Analysis:

Context- Recent surge of neo-banks in Indian market

Solution (b)

Statement Analysis:

Context- NMEO – OP was launched recently

Solution (d)

Statement Analysis:

Context- It is very likely that AMOC will decline over the 21st century, according to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

Solution (d)

All the applications given above are possible through quantum computing.

Context- Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) recently launched QSim – Quantum Computer Simulator Toolkit.

Solution (b)

Malabar rebellion, also known as the Moplah riots, was an armed uprising of Muslim tenants against British rulers and local Hindu landlords in 1921. It occurred within the broader spectrum of the Khilafat/Non-cooperation movement (1920-1922) led by Mahatma Gandhi.

Context- Malabar Rebellion leaders Variamkunnath Kunhamed Haji, Ali Musaliar and 387 other “Moplah martyrs” will be removed from the Dictionary of Martyrs of India’s Freedom Struggle.

Solution(c)

He can go in any of the 20 buses (20 ways).

Since he cannot come back in the same bus, he can return in 19 ways.

Total number of ways = 20 × 19 = 380. Hence, Option (c) is the right answer.

Solution(b)

Each time a coin is tossed, there are two possible outcomes: Head(H) and Tale(T)

Hence, when a coin is tossed 4 times, the number of possible outcomes
=2×2×2×2=16. Hence, Option(b) is the right answer.

Solution(d)

The word ‘RANCHI has 6 letters and all these 6 letters are different.

Total number of words that can be formed by using all these 6 letters = 6P6

6P6= 6! = 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 720

Solution(b)

In a group of 6 boys and 4 girls, four children are to be selected such that at least one boy should be there.

Hence we have 4 options as given below

We can select 4 girls (option 1)
Number of ways to this = 4C4 

We can select 3 girls and 1 boy (option 2)
Number of ways to this = 4C3 × 6C1

We can select 2 girls and 2 boys (option 3)
Number of ways to this = 4C2 × 6C2

We can select 1 girl and 3 boys (option 4)
Number of ways to this = 4C1 × 6C3

Total number of ways
= 4C4 + 4C3 × 6C1 + 4C2 × 6C2 + 4C1 × 6C3
= 1+ ( 4 ×  6) + ( (4 ×  3)/(2 ×  1) ×  ( (6 ×  5)/( 2 ×  1)) + ( 4 ×  ( 6 ×  5 ×  4)/( 3 ×  2 × 1))

= 1 + 24 + ( 6 × 15 ) + ( 4 ×  20 )

= 1 + 24 + 90 + 80

= 195

Solution (d)

“For investors looking to redirect funds, wind turbines and solar panels, among other technologies, seem a straightforward choice. But renewables need to be further scrutinized before being championed as forging a path toward a low-carbon future.” 

Clearly, the author has reservations about the consequences of renewable energy systems.

Hence, option d is correct.