Solution (b)

JUS COGENS or ius cogens, meaning “compelling law” in Latin, are rules in international law that are peremptory or authoritative, and from which states cannot deviate. These norms cannot be offset by a separate treaty between parties intending to do so, since they hold fundamental values. Today, most states and international organisations accept the principle of jus cogens, which dates back to Roman times.

The jus cogens rules have been sanctioned by the Vienna Conventions on the Law of Treaties of 1969 and 1986. According to both Conventions, a treaty is void if it breaches jus cogens rules.

Source: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/iran-us-tension-qassem-soleimani-death-what-is-jus-cogens-6203579/

Solution (d)

E3 group of countries — Britain, France, and Germany.

Source: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-the-nuclear-deal-iran-has-stepped-away-from-what-happens-next-6203064/

Solution (a)

Blue Dot Network has been jointly launched by the US Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC), Australia’s Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT), and Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC). The aim of this initiative is to bring governments, the private sectors, and civil societies for promoting high-quality global infrastructure development in an open and inclusive framework.

Source: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/spotting-an-opportunity-in-changing-fundamentals/article30487623.ece

Solution (b)

India is absent from the Indo-Pacific Business Forum created by the U.S., Japan and Australia.

Source: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/spotting-an-opportunity-in-changing-fundamentals/article30487623.ece

Solution (c)

GAVI, officially Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance (previously the GAVI Alliance,[1] and before that the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization) is a public–private global health partnership committed to increasing access to immunisation in poor countries.

GAVI brings together developing country and donor governments, the World Health Organization, UNICEF, the World Bank, the vaccine industry in both industrialised and developing countries, research and technical agencies, civil society, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and other private philanthropists.

GAVI supported countries doesn’t include India but includes Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Myanmar etc – https://www.iffim.org/funding-gavi/eligible-countries/

Source: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/who-prequalifies-serums-low-cost-pneumococcal-vaccine/article30479274.ece