DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 11th September 2023

Syllabus

• Prelims – INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Context: The Group of Twenty (G20) recently adopted the G20 New Delhi Leader’s Declaration.

Background:-

• The New Delhi Leader’s Declaration was adopted on September 9, 2023.
• The Countries committed to, accelerating their actions to address environmental crises and challenges, including climate change.

About G20 New Delhi Leader’s Declaration:-

• The New Delhi Leader’s Declaration was adopted with consensus on a number of issues.
• These include sustainable development goals (SDG), climate finance, energy transitions, using and restoring natural ecosystems, harnessing and preserving ocean-based economy, plastic pollution, reducing disaster risk, and building resilient infrastructure. (SDG India)
• In the declaration under the Green Development Pact for a Sustainable Future, the countries have committed to “urgently accelerate actions to address environmental crises and challenges, including climate change”.
• Paris Agreement: One of the aims of the declaration is “to tackle climate change by strengthening the full and effective implementation of the Paris Agreement and its temperature goal.
• This reflects equity and the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities (CBDR).
• The inclusion of the principles of CBDR is interesting as some developed G20 countries such as the United States have been averse to the usage.
• The G20 members also cited the findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Sixth Assessment Synthesis Report.
• It stated that Global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are projected to peak between 2020 and at the latest before 2025 in global modeled pathways that limit warming to 1.5°C with no or limited overshoot and in those that limit warming to 2°C and assume immediate action. (Mitigating Climate Change)
• The G20 members also highlighted the macroeconomic risks stemming from climate change and transition pathways.
• The G20 countries also noted the institutionalization of the Disaster Risk Reduction Working Group under the presidency of India, which catalyzed efforts toward disaster risk reduction.
• The document also talks about accelerating progress on early warning and early action through strengthening national and local capacities, innovative financing tools, private sector investments, and knowledge sharing.
• The members supported the United Nations initiatives such as the Global Platform for DRR and the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure in “furtherance of such collaboration and sharing”.

MUST READ: India and G20 Presidency

SOURCE: DOWN TO EARTH

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

Q.1) Consider the following statements about G-20: (2023)

1. The G-20 group was originally established as a platform for the Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors to discuss the
2. International economic and financial issues.
3. Digital public infrastructure is one of India’s G-20 priorities.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2

Q.2) The ‘Fortaleza Declaration’ recently in the news, is related to the affairs of: (2015)

1. ASEAN
2. BRICS
3. OECD
4. WTO

Syllabus

• Prelims – Science and Technology

Context: Recently, a Golden egg was found on the Alaskan seafloor.

Background:-

• Researchers from NOAA Ocean Exploration found the yellowish object while diving on a small seamount in the Gulf of Alaska.
• Initially referred to as ‘yellow hat’, the still-unidentified object is now being dubbed as ‘golden egg’ or ‘golden orb’.

About Golden Egg:-

• Discovered on: 30 August 2023.
• Discovery site: Gulf of Alaska.
• Discovered by: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
• It was discovered during a mission to map unexplored deepwater habitats off Alaska using remotely operated vehicles.

Features:-

• The ‘golden egg’ is a gold, dome-shaped
• It is about 10 centimeters (4 inches) in diameter.
• It was tightly adhered to a rock.
• A small hole or tear near its base revealed a similarly colored interior.
• It is still unclear whether the ‘golden egg’ is associated with a new species or represents the unknown life stage of an existing one.
• Significance: Researchers believe that the new species have the potential to reveal new sources for medical therapies and vaccines, food, energy, and other societal benefits and knowledge.
• The researchers are still working to unveil the ‘golden egg’ mystery.

MUST READ: Dinosaur eggs

SOURCE: HINDUSTAN TIMES

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

Q.1) Consider the following ‘fauna: (2023)

1. Lion-tailed Macaque
2. Malabar Civet
3. Sambar Deer

How many of the above are generally nocturnal or most active after sunset?

1. Only one
2. Only two
3. All three
4. None

Q.2) The word ‘Denisovan’ is sometimes mentioned in media in reference to (2017)

1. fossils of a kind of dinosaurs
2. an early human species
3. a cave system found in North-East India
4. a geological period in the history of the Indian subcontinent

Syllabus

• Prelims – Science and Technology

Context: Japan launched the HII-A rocket recently.

About HII-A rocket:-

• Launching site: Tanegashima Space Center in southwestern Japan.
• Launched by: Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA).
• Objective: to explore the origins of the universe.

Composition:-

• The rocket put a satellite called X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission, or XRISM, into orbit around Earth.
• It will measure the speed and makeup of what lies between galaxies.
• This information will help in studying how celestial objects were formed.
• It can also lead to solving the mystery of how the universe was created.
• The mission is significant for delivering insight into the properties of hot plasma.
  • Plasma: superheated matter that makes up much of the universe.
• Understanding the distribution of this hot plasma in space and time, as well as its dynamical motion, will shed light on diverse phenomena such as black holes, the evolution of chemical elements in the universe, and the formation of galactic clusters.
• The rocket also has the Smart Lander for Investigating Moon, or SLIM which is a lightweight lunar lander.

MUST READ: India’s first private rocket – Vikram-S

SOURCE: THE HINDU

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

Q.1) Which one of the following countries has its own Satellite Navigation System? (2023)

1. Australia
2. Canada
3. Israel
4. Japan

Q.2) Which one of the following statements best reflects the idea behind the “Fractional Orbital Bombardment System” often talked about in media?  (2022)

1. A hypersonic missile is launched into space to counter the asteroid approaching the Earth and explode it in space.
2. A spacecraft lands on another planet after making several orbital motions.
3. A missile is put into a stable orbit around the Earth and deorbits over a target on the Earth.
4. A spacecraft moves along a comet with the same surface. speed and places a probe on it.

Syllabus

• Prelims –ART AND CULTURE

Context: India showcased the Konark Wheel of the Konark Sun Temple the recently held G 20 Summit.

Background:-

• As world leaders started arriving at Bharat Mandapam in Delhi for the G20 Summit, Prime Minister Narendra Modi personally welcomed each and every one of them at the arrival area on the building’s second level.
• PM Modi shook hands with them for the customary photo-op, with a wall depicting the Konark Wheel of Odisha in the background.

About Konark Wheel:-

• Located: Konark Sun Temple, Puri in Odisha.
• The Konark Wheel, also known as the Konark Chakra.
• It is an iconic symbol associated with the Konark Temple.
• The wheel symbolizes the Sun God’s chariot.

Different theories exist regarding the significance of the Konark Wheel:-

• According to one interpretation, the seven horses represent the days of the week, the 12 pairs of wheels symbolize the 12 months of the year, and the 24 wheels represent the 24 hours of a day, with the 8 major spokes denoting three-hour periods (prahars) of a day.
• Another interpretation suggests that the wheels symbolize the cycle of creation, preservation, and realization, akin to the “Wheel of Life.”
• Some believe the 12 pairs of wheels may represent the 12 zodiac signs.
• Others draw parallels between the Konark Wheel and the Dharmachakra, the Wheel of Karma, in Buddhist symbolism. ( Buddhist Philosophy on Dharmachakra Day)

Carvings and Decorations:-

• The 24 wheels of the Konark Temple, though similar in size and architecture, feature unique carvings all over.
• The thicker spokes are adorned with circular medallions at their centers.
• The axles of the wheels project about one foot from the surface, also decorated at their ends.
• The rims of the wheels are intricately carved with foliage designs, along with depictions of various birds and animals.
• The medallions in the spokes of the wheels showcase figures of women in various poses, often of a sensual nature.
• It serves as a representation of the cosmic cycle and the concept of time in Hindu mythology.

Konark Sun Temple

• Timeline: It was constructed in the 13th century.
• Historical Background: The temple was constructed during the reign of King Narasimhadeva I of the Eastern Ganga Dynasty.
• It is designed in the shape of a colossal chariot with 12 pairs of stone-carved wheels.
• They represent the chariot of the Sun God. (Modhera Sun temple)
• The temple is built using Khondalite rocks.
• It is carved to depict various mythological and religious themes.
• Konark Sun Temple was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1984.

MUST READ: Puri Jagannath Temple

SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

Q.1) With reference to ancient South India, Korkai, Poompuhar, and Muchiri were well-known (2023)

1. capital cities
2. ports
3. centres of iron-and-steel making
4. shrines of Jain Tirthankaras

Q.2) The Prime Minister recently inaugurated the new Circuit House near Somnath Temple Veraval. Which of the following statements are correct regarding Somnath Temple? (2022)

1. Somnath Temple is one of the Jyotirlinga shrines.
2. A description of Somnath Temple was given by Al-Biruni.
3. Pran Pratishtha of Somnath Temple (installation of the present-day temple) was done by President S. Radhakrishnan.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

1. 1 and 2 only
2. 2 and 3 only
3. 1 and 3 only
4. 1,2 and 3

Syllabus

• Prelims –Defense

Context: India recently initiated the process to purchase 31 MQ-9B drones from the USA.

About MQ-9B drones:-

IMAGE SOURCE: IASBABA

• Developed by: General Atomics Aeronautical Systems (GA-ASI).
• The MQ-9B drone is a variant of the MQ-9 “Reaper”.
  • MQ-9 Reaper: an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) capable of remotely controlled or autonomous flight operations.
• These are high-altitude long-endurance drones.
• They are designed for intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance missions and come equipped with air-to-ground missiles and smart bombs.
• They are armed with strike missiles which can take out enemy targets with high accuracy.
• The MQ-9B has two variants: SkyGuardian and SeaGuardian.
• The Indian Navy has been operating the MQ-9B Sea Guardian since 2020. (Drone Insurance Policy)

Features of MQ-9B SeaGuardian :-

• Payload: It can carry up to 5,670 kg.
• Altitude: 40,000 feet.
• Endurance time: 40 hours.
• This makes it useful for long-hour surveillance.
• It can support land, maritime surveillance, anti-submarine warfare, anti-surface warfare, strike, electronic warfare, and expeditionary roles.
• It is capable of automatic take-offs and landings.
• It can safely integrate into civil airspace.
• This enables joint forces and civil authorities to deliver real-time situational awareness anywhere in the maritime domain — day or night.

MUST READ: India bans drone import

SOURCE: HIDUSTAN TIMES

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

Q.1) Consider the following statements: (2023)

1. Ballistic missiles are jet-propelled at subsonic speeds throughout their flights, while cruise missiles are rocket-powered only in the initial phase of flight.
2. Agni-V is a medium-range supersonic cruise missile, while BrahMos is a solid-fuelled intercontinental ballistic missile.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2

Q.2) Consider the following actions: (2023)

1. Detection of car crash/ collision which results in the deployment of airbags almost instantaneously.
2. Detection of accidental free fall of a laptop towards the ground which results in the immediate turning off
3. of the hard drive.
4. Detection of the tilt of the smartphone which results in the rotation of the display between portrait and landscape mode.

In how many of the above actions is the function of the accelerometer required?

1. Only one
2. Only two
3. All three
4. None

Syllabus

• Prelims – Art and Culture

Context: UK Prime Minister Rishi Sunak and his wife Akshata Murty visited the Swaminarayan Akshardham temple recently.

About Swaminarayan Akshardham temple:-

• Opened in 2005.
• Location: New Delhi, India.
• Swaminarayan Akshardham is the world’s largest comprehensive Hindu temple.
• The temple was built to honor Bhagwan Swaminarayan (1781-1830), the founder of the Swaminarayan tradition.
• It is a fine example of architectural prowess that upholds the Hindu cultural legacy of thousands of years.
• It lies east of the Yamuna River.

Features:-

• The temple complex showcases stunning architecture inspired by ancient Vedic and Hindu architectural principles.
• The main monument is made of intricately carved pink sandstone and white marble.
• It stands 141 feet tall.
• It is 316 feet (96 meters) broad and 356 feet (109 meters) long.
• It features more than 20,000 statues and sculptures.
• The central monument represents Mount Meru, the mythical abode of the gods.
• The intricate carvings all over the interior and exterior walls depict various life forms.
• One of the most revered symbols of Hindu worship, the elephant, features prominently in the carvings.
• At the temple’s base are 148 life-size, perfectly sculpted elephants, weighing a total of 3000 tonnes.
• Another astounding fact is that the temple is not supported by steel or concrete.
• It houses a Musical Fountain (also known as the Yagnapurush Kund) which is India’s largest step well.
• The Akshardham Temple was inducted into the Guinness World Records in 2007 for being the world’s largest comprehensive Hindu Temple, attracting visitors from all over the world.

MUST READ: Khajuraho temples

SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

Q.1) With reference to Chausath Yogini Temple situated near Morena, consider the following statements: (2021)

1. It is a circular temple built during the reign of the Kachchhapaghata Dynasty.
2. It is the only circular temple built in India.
3. It was meant to promote the Vaishnava cult in the region.
4. Its design has given rise to a popular belief that it was the inspiration behind the Indian Parliament building.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

1. 1 and 2
2. 2 and 3 only
3. 1 and 4
4. 2, 3 and 4

Q.2) With reference to the history of ancient India, Bhavabhuti, Hastimalla, and Kshemeshvara were famous (2021)

1. Jain monks
2. playwrights
3. temple architects
4. philosophers

Syllabus

• Mains – GS 2 (International Relations)

Context: Recently the US President arrived in New Delhi to attend the G-20 Summit and met Prime Minister Narendra Modi for a bilateral meeting.

Highlights of the bilateral meeting:

• INDUS -X: The leaders commended the India-U.S. Defence Acceleration Ecosystem (INDUS-X) team for establishing a robust collaboration agenda to harness the innovative work of the U.S. and Indian defence sectors to address shared security challenges.
• UN Security Council seat: US reaffirmed support for a reformed UN Security Council with India as a permanent member.
• Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technology (iCET): Both the countries intend to undertake a midterm review of iCET in September 2023 to continue to drive momentum toward the next annual iCET review, co-led by the National Security Advisors of both countries, in early 2024.
• India-U.S. Global Challenges Institute: The leaders welcomed the signing of an MoU between Indian universities, represented by the Council of Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT Council), and the Association of American Universities (AAU) to establish the India-U.S. Global Challenges Institute.
• Technology Transfer: The leaders commenced of negotiations for a commercial agreement between GE Aerospace and Hindustan Aeronautical Limited (HAL) to manufacture GE F-414 jet engines in India.

About India- USA Relations:

Historical:

• During the Cold War, India pursued a non-aligned foreign policy and maintained a distance from both the US and the Soviet Union.
• In the early 1990s, India began to open up its markets to foreign investment, including from the US, and undertook significant economic reforms.
  • This led to a gradual improvement in relations between the two countries.
• The two countries have also increased their defence ties, with the US becoming India’s second-largest arms supplier after Russia.
• In recent decades, India’s growing strategic importance as a counterweight to China has led to closer ties with the US, particularly in the security and defence domains.

Political:

• India has joined the US-led Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF).
• India-U.S. 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue: It is led by the heads of foreign and defence ministries of India and the U.S.
  • Two successful rounds of this Dialogue have been held so far.
• India-U.S. Commercial Dialogue: The India-U.S. Commercial Dialogue is led by the Minister of Commerce and Industry (CIM) and the U.S. Secretary of Commerce.
• India – U.S. Economic and Financial Partnership: The India – U.S. Economic and Financial Partnership is led by the Finance Minister (FM) and the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury.

Trade and commerce:

• The U.S. has emerged as India’s biggest trading partner in 2022-23 on account of increasing economic ties between the two countries.
  • The bilateral trade has increased by 7.65% to USD 128.55 in 2022-23 as against USD 119.5 billion in 2021-22.
• Exports to the U.S. rose by 2.81% to USD 78.31 billion in 2022-23 as against USD 76.18 billion in 2021-22, while imports grew by about 16% to USD 50.24 billion.
• In 2021-22, India had a trade surplus of USD 32.8 billion with the US.
• The U.S. is the largest destination for India’s merchandise exports, while it ranks as India’s third-largest merchandise import supplier, after China and the European Union.

Defence Cooperation: 

• Both have strong defence cooperation, which is based on the “New Framework for India US Defence Cooperation” that was renewed in 2015 for a period of ten years.
• Several defence agreements have been signed, such as the Logistics Exchange Memorandum of Association in 2016, the Communications Compatibility and Security Agreement in 2018, the Industrial Security Agreement in 2019, and the Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement in 2020.
• The two countries conduct a number of bilateral military exercises such as Yudh Abhyaas and Vajra Prahari, and also participate in defence exchanges to deepen their military-to-military cooperation.
• In 2019, the two countries conducted a tri-services exercise called Tiger Triumph.
• Another grouping in the Middle East – I2U2 involving India, Israel, UAE and the US is being termed as the new Quad along with the existing QUAD

Education partnership: 

• It is an important pillar of India-US ties and both the countries share strong linkages and history of higher education collaborations.
• The United States Educational Foundation in India (USEFI) was set up after a bilateral agreement on education exchange was signed between India and the US on February 2, 1950

Increased diaspora:

• The number of Indians and Indian Americans in the U.S. is estimated at around 4 million, which accounts for almost 1% of the total U.S. population.
• Indian diaspora in America over the years have increased. It has contributed to income creation in the USA through knowledge-based employment and also to Indian economic growth through remittance.
• Growing financial and political clout of the affluent Asian Indian diaspora is noteworthy.

Challenges associated with the relations:

• Trade: Recently India and US confronted each other regarding tariffs and protectionist policies.
  • US has continuously accused India of high tariffs and India have accused USA of restriction to US markets and high tariffs on Indian products.
• Intellectual Property Rights: US has continuously criticised India for its IPR policies. It has accused India of acting against Intellectual properties of major companies especially pharmaceutical over generic drugs.
• Continuous support to Pakistan: Although US has reduced support to Pakistan, it has still provided monetary support to Pakistan.
  • In February 2016, USA intended to provide Pakistan eight nuclear-capable F-16 fighters and assorted military goods.
• Relations with Russia: India is all time friend of Russia while USA is its all-time rivalry.
  • In 2018, India inked the historic agreement worth with Russia to procure four S-400 surface-to-air missile defence system ignoring America’s CAATSA
  • With she U.S. threatened India with sanctions over India’s decision.
• Relations with Iran: India has continuously bought oil from Iran despite of US sanctions on Iran.
  • The United States threatened India with sanctions over India’s decision to buy oil from Iran.
  • But recently it exempted India from sanctions that allowed India to buy oil from Iran.

Way Forward:

Therefore, it is in the mutual interest for both India and USA to rise above differences and ensure continuous cooperation to establish a peaceful, progressive and multilateral world. The partnership between India and US is simply one of the most consequential in the world.

Source:  The Hindu

Syllabus

• Mains – GS 3 (Economy)

Context: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Governor recently urged fintech entities to establish Self-Regulatory Organizations (SROs) in the rapidly evolving fintech sector,

About Fintech Self-Regulatory Organizations (SROs):

• Financial technology or Fintech refers to innovative technologies designed to enhance and automate the delivery of financial services.
• Fintech encompasses technological advancements across various financial sectors, including retail banking, investments, and decentralized cryptocurrencies like DeFi, with a focus on improving financial literacy and education.
• An SRO is a non-governmental entity responsible for creating and enforcing industry-specific rules and standards.
• SROs prioritize safeguarding consumer interests, promoting ethical conduct, ensuring equality, and nurturing professionalism.
• They collaborate with industry stakeholders to formulate and administer regulations.

Functions of a Self-Regulatory Organization (SRO):

• Acts as communication channel: SROs serve as a bridge between their member organizations and regulatory authorities such as the RBI.
  • They facilitate communication, cooperation, and collaboration between industry participants and regulators.
• Establishing standards: One of the primary functions of an SRO is to set and enforce industry standards and minimum benchmarks.
  • Standardization ensures consistency and fairness within the industry.
• Training and awareness: SROs are often responsible for providing training and awareness programs to their member organizations.
  • This helps enhance the knowledge and skills of employees and industry professionals, ensuring that they stay up-to-date with industry best practices and regulatory requirements.
• Grievance redressal: When disputes or non-compliance issues arise among member organizations, these mechanisms help address and resolve such conflicts in a fair and efficient manner.
  • This contributes to the smooth functioning of the industry and helps maintain trust among stakeholders.

Significance of SROs:

• Evolution of industry best practices: Fintech companies operate in a rapidly evolving landscape, and the industry needs to adapt and evolve its practices.
  • The RBI recognizes the need for fintech’s to establish and follow industry best practices that align with the legal and regulatory framework of the country.
  • This includes adhering to standards that ensure the responsible and ethical conduct of business.
• Preventing unethical selling: Mis-selling refers to the unethical or deceptive practices of selling financial products or services to customers.
  • The RBI wants fintech’s to set standards that prevent mis-selling and ensure that products and services are marketed and sold transparently, without misleading or harming customers.
• Privacy protection norms: FinTech’s handle sensitive customer data, and data privacy and protection have become paramount concerns globally.
  • RBI expects fintech companies to establish robust privacy and data protection norms that safeguard customer information and comply with the relevant data protection laws.
• Transparency of Pricing: Transparency in pricing is essential for consumers to make informed decisions.
  • Fintech companies are expected to be transparent in their pricing structures, ensuring that customers have clear information about the costs and charges associated with the products or services they offer.

Concerns related to regulation of FinTech’s in India:

• Regulation: It is a major problem in the emerging world of FinTech, especially
  • Due to the diversity of offerings in FinTech, it is difficult to formulate a single and comprehensive approach to these problems.
  • In most countries, they are unregulated and have become fertile ground for scams and frauds.
• Uncertainty in the business: uncertainty in the FinTech sector is making things complicated for both FinTech service providers and consumers.
  • The absence of an overarching regulatory framework for FinTech’s have created multiple points of ambiguity in the system for companies, investors and consumers.
• Unethical practices: Being away from the radar of the regulator, a number of unethical practices in lending have also been reported.
  • Brutal collection methods, opaque lending practices, mis-selling of products, customer harassment, etc. are some of the instances.

Way Forward:

With the rising fintech sector in India, SROs emerge as indispensable entities, shaping industry behavior, promoting ethical conduct, and safeguarding consumer interests. Their role as industry experts and watchdogs helps create a more transparent, trustworthy, and well-regulated environment for all stakeholders.

Source:   Indian Express

Q1) Consider the following pairs:

How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?

1. Only one
2. Only two
3. All three
4. None

Q2) Consider the following statements

Statement-I:

HII-A rocket was launched from California, USA.

Statement-II:

It was launched by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA).

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

1. Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I
2. Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I
3. Statement-I is correct but Statement II is incorrect
4. Statement-I is incorrect but Statement II is correct

Q3) With reference to the Konark Temple wheel, consider the following statements:

1. The 24 wheels of the Konark Temple, are all similar in size and architecture.
2. The Konark Temple was constructed during the reign of King Narasimhadeva I of the Eastern Ganga Dynasty.
3. It is located in Madhya Pradesh.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

1. Only one
2. Only two
3. All three
4. None

Mains Practice Questions

Q.1) Analyse the India and US bilateral relations in light of the recent developments. (250 words)

Q.2) What are the potential benefits and challenges of fintech technology  in India? Why the RBI has proposed setting-up a Self-Regulatory Organisation for fintech’s. (250 words)

Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!!

ANSWERS FOR ’  11th September 2023 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs.st

Q.1) – a

Q.2) – c

Q.3) – b