DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam – 23rd December 2022

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Syllabus

• Prelims – History

Context: On 23 December every year, Kisan Diwas is celebrated to commemorate the fifth prime minister of India Choudhary Charan Singh and his contributions towards agriculture.

About Farmers’ Day or Kisan Diwas:

• It is celebrated to honour India’s farmers along with Choudhary Charan Singh.
• It was celebrated for the first time in 2001.
• Aims to educate people on the role of farmers and their contribution to the economy.

About Choudhary Charan Singh:

• He was born in middle-class peasant family in Uttar Pradesh in 1902.
• He was greatly influenced by Mahatma Gandhi’s teachings.
• He also took part in India’s fight for independence.
• He is known for his pioneering work in agriculture sector.

Political Career:

• His political career was largely focused on socialism in rural India.
• He served twice as chief minister of India’s state Uttar Pradesh.
• He was behind major bills such as Land Utilisation Bill of 1939 and Debt Redemption Bill in 1939 related to farmers.
• He stopped Zamindari system and made Land Conservation Act in 1954 to help farmers.
• He founded non-political, non-profit making body ‘Kisan Trust’ in 1978.
  • Its aim is educating India’s rural masses against injustice, and fostering solidarity among them.
• He served as Indian prime minister between 1979 and 1980.
• He was given the sobriquet ‘Champion of India’s Peasants’ for his work towards the upliftment of farmers and the development of agriculture throughout the country.

Major works: He was the author of several books and pamphlets that includes:

• Abolition of Zamindari
• Co-operative Farming X-rayed
• India’s Poverty and its Solution
• Peasant Proprietorship or Land to the Workers
• Prevention of Division of Holdings Below a Certain Minimum

Source:  NewsOnAir

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Syllabus

• Prelims – Governance

Context: Recently government has notified Pradhan Mantri JI-VAN (Jaiv Indhan – Vatavaran Anukool fasal awashesh Nivaran) Yojana for promoting Second Generation (2G) ethanol production from cellulosic and lignocellulosic biomass including petrochemical route in the country by providing financial support for setting up 2G ethanol bio-refineries.

• Oil CPSEs are setting up 2G ethanol bio-refineries in the country at Panipat (Haryana), Bathinda (Punjab), Numaligarh (Assam), Bargarh (Odisha) and one demonstration project at Panipat.
• Bio-refinery at Panipat has been dedicated to the nation.

About the Scheme:

• It aims to provide financial support to Integrated Bioethanol Projects using lignocellulosic biomass and other renewable feedstock.
• Establish commercially viable projects for 2G Ethanol production.
• Provide remunerative income to farmers for their otherwise waste agriculture residues.
• Address concerns of environmental pollution caused by burning of biomass/ agriculture residues.
• Help in meeting the targets envisaged in Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) programme promoted by Government of India and the vision of 10% reduction in import dependence by way of reducing the use of fossil fuels.
• To create rural and urban employment opportunities.
• To contribute to Swaccha Bharat Mission by supporting the aggregation of non-food biofuel feedstocks such as waste biomass and urban waste.
• Centre for High Technology (CHT), a technical body under the aegis of Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (MoP&NG), will be the implementation Agency for the scheme.

MUST READ:  Ethanol blending

Source:  PIB

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Syllabus

• Prelims – Art and Culture

Context: Lalbazar, on the boundary with Jharkhand, is becoming a hub for  dokra metalcraft, thanks to an artist from Kolkata who made this once nondescript village his second home four years ago.

About Dhokra Art:

• It is a metalcraft popular in Bengal.
• Its documented history is about 5,000 years old.
• In its original form, no painting or polishing is done.
• Most Dhokra artefacts are human or animal figurines.

Complex in making process:

• Making Dhokra art is a difficult process.
• Each figurine takes about a month to make.
• There are many processes involved, for which seven to eight varieties of clay is required, apart from other raw materials.

Source:   The Hindu

Previous Year Questions

Q.1) Consider the following pairs:

Historical place             Well-known for

1. Burzahom                      Rock-cut shrines
2. Chandraketugarh        Terracotta art
3. Ganeshwar                   Copper artefacts

Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched? (2021)

1. 1 only
2. 1 and 2
3. 3 only
4. 2 and 3

Q.2) Consider the following pairs:

Crafts                        Heritage of

1. Puthukkuli shawls             Tamil Nadu
2. Sujni embroidery              Maharashtra
3. Uppada Jamdani saris     Karnataka

Which of the pairs given above is /are correct? (2018)

1. 1 only
2. 1 and 2
3. 3 only
4. 2 and 3

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Syllabus

• Prelims – Art and Culture

Context: The Kerala government came with a palm-leaf manuscript museum with modern audio-visual technology at the Central Archives, Fort, in Thiruvananthapuram.

About Palm-leaf manuscript:

• These are manuscripts made from dried palm leaves.
• Palm leaves were used as writing materials in the Indian subcontinent and in Southeast Asia reportedly dating back to the 5th century BCE.
• Their use began in South Asia and spread to other regions, as texts on dried and smoke-treated palm leaves of Palmyra palm or the talipot palm.
• Their use continued till the 19th century when printing presses replaced hand-written manuscripts.
• One of the oldest surviving palm leaf manuscripts of a complete treatise is a Sanskrit Shaivism text from the 9th-century, discovered in Nepal, now preserved at the Cambridge University Library.

About the museum:

• It is set up by the Archives Department.
• The museum has eight theme-based galleries where select manuscripts from one of the biggest palm-leaf collections in the country will be displayed.
• The other galleries are:
  • Land and people.
  • Administration.
  • War and peace.
  • Education and health.
  • Economy
• Art and culture – the Mathilakom records (a collection of 3,000 cadjan manuscript rolls possessed by Sri Padmanabhaswamy Temple).

Source: The Hindu

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Syllabus

• Prelims – Science and Technology

In News: The Defence Acquisition Council (DAC), has accorded approval for Acceptance of Necessity (AoN) for 24 Capital Acquisition Proposals.

• It is pertinent to mention that 97.4% of proposals are approved for procurement from indigenous sources.
• The AoNs accorded will equip the Indian Army with Futuristic Infantry Combat Vehicles, Light Tanks and Mounted Gun System and Ballistic Helmets

About Defence Acquisition council:

• The Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) has been created as an overarching structure
• Composition

• Chairman: Raksha Mantri (RM)
• Member Secretary: Dy. Chief of Defence Staff (PP&FD)

• The objective of the Defence Acquisition Council is to ensure expeditious procurement of the approved requirements of the Armed Forces in terms of capabilities sought, and time frame prescribed, by optimally utilizing the allocated budgetary resources.
• The DAC will meet as required.

Functions:

• Give ‘in principle’ approval to Capital acquisitions and to AoN.
• Monitor the progress of major projects on a feedback from the Defence Procurement Board.

Significance:

• Modernise the Armed Forces
• Provide substantial boost to the defence industry to achieve the goal of ‘Aatmanirbhar Bharat’.
• Enhance maritime strength giving boost to Indian Navy’s capabilities.
• Indian Air Force will be further strengthened with enhanced lethal capabilities
• Enhance surveillance capability in the coastal areas to new heights.

Source: PIB

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Syllabus

• Prelims – Governance

Aim:

• AMRUT Mission focuses on development of basic infrastructure, in the selected cities and towns, in the sectors of water supply; sewerage and septage management; storm water drainage; green spaces and parks; and non-motorized urban transport.
• AMRUT 2.0 is designed to provide universal coverage of water supply through functional taps to all households in all the statutory towns in the country and coverage of sewerage/septage management in 500 cities covered in first phase of the AMRUT scheme.
• AMRUT 2.0 envisages to make cities ‘water secure’ through circular economy of water.

AMRUT scheme:

• Launched on in June 2015 in selected 500 cities.
• Under Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs
• Centrally sponsored scheme.
• AMRUT Mission has been subsumed under AMRUT 2.0 – launched in 2021 for the period of 5 years i.e. 2021-22 to 2025-26
• Mission also has a reform agenda on ease of living of citizens through reduction of non-revenue water, recycle of treated used water, rejuvenation of water bodies, augmenting double entry accounting system, urban planning, strengthening urban finance etc.

Other components of AMRUT 2.0 are:

• Pey Jal Survekshan to ascertain equitable distribution of water, reuse of wastewater, mapping of water bodies and promote healthy competition among the cities /towns.
• Technology Sub-Mission for water to leverage latest global technologies in the field of water.
• Information, Education and Communication (IEC) campaign to spread awareness among masses about conservation of water.

Significance:

• AMRUT 2.0 will promote circular economy of water through development of City Water Balance Plan (CWBP) for each city focusing on recycle/reuse of treated sewage, rejuvenation of water bodies and water conservation.
• It will help cities to identify scope for projects focusing on universal coverage of functional water tap connections, water source conservation, rejuvenation of water bodies and wells, recycle/reuse of treated used water, and rainwater harvesting.

• This information was given by the Minister of State for Housing and Urban Affairs, Shri Kaushal Kishore in a written reply to a question in Lok Sabha today.

Source: PIB

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Syllabus

• Prelims – Governance

Aim:

• TULIP is a platform to provide internships to students and graduates in ULBs, Smart Cities, Parastatals of States/UTs.

About the scheme:

• Under Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs (MoHUA) in collaboration with Ministry of Education (MoE) and All India Council of Technical Education (AICTE)
• Launched in 2020
• The State/Union Territory list beneficiaries for the scheme.
• MoHUA, in collaboration with School of Planning & Architecture (SPA), New Delhi and Building Materials & Technology Promotion Council (BMTPC) had launched an e-Course on `Vulnerability Atlas of India’.
• So far more than 25,000 internship opportunities have been advertized; of which more than 5,000 internships have been offered; of which more than 3,500 have been completed.

`Vulnerability Atlas of India’:

• BMTPC brought out 1^st  Vulnerability Atlas of India in 1997
• The Atlas presents the district-wise Housing Vulnerability Risk Tables as per 2011 Census Housing data.
• The Atlas is a useful tool not only for public but also for urban managers, State & National Authorities dealing with disaster mitigation and management.

Source: PIB

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Syllabus

• Prelims – Governance

In News: Two of the premiere institutes under the Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences (CCRAS) of the Ministry of Ayush namely, Central Ayurveda Research Institute (CARI), New Delhi, and Central Ayurveda Research Institute, Jhansi, have been accredited with NABH and NABL accreditations, respectively.

• Apart from these two CCRAS institutes, National Ayurveda Research Institute for Panchakarma (NARIP), Cheruthuruthy, Thrissur, Kerala has also got NABL M(EL)T accreditation for its clinical laboratory services. NARIP, Kerala is one of the premier research Institute under the Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, Ministry of Ayush..

Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences (CCRAS)

• It is an autonomous body under Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. of India
• It is an apex body in India for undertaking, coordinating, formulating, developing and promoting research on scientific lines in Ayurvedic Sciences.
• Aim: To develop scientific evidence in Ayurvedic Principles, drug therapies by way of integrating ancient wisdom with modern technology and to bring Ayurveda to the people through scientific innovations related to diagnostics, preventive, promotive as well as treatment methods and also introduce scientific research for sustained availability of quality natural resources, to translate them into products and processes and in synergy with concerned organizations to introduce these innovations into public health systems

NABH:

• NABH accreditation is a standard Quality assurance process of self and external evaluation at par with international quality standards for healthcare provider sector.
• It is a constituent board of the Quality Council of India, set up to establish and operate accreditation programs for healthcare organizations.
• The accreditation focus on patient safety and quality of healthcare based upon national/international standards

Central Ayurveda Research Institute(CARI), New Delhi

• It was established in 1979 under the Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences (CCRAS), Ministry of Ayush
• It is dedicated to Clinical Research in Ayurveda and extends health care services through special OPDs in Ayurveda as General OPD, Preventive Cardiology & Lifestyle Changes, ENT OPD, Geriatric OPD, Balroga, Sandhiroga, Clinical Psychology, and Marma OPD.

Central Ayurveda Research Institute(CARI), Jhansi (U.P.)

• It is one of the premium institutes of CCRAS, Ministry of Ayush
• It has state-of-the-art Quality Control Laboratories (Chemistry, Microbiology, Pharmacognosy), Ayurvedic Pharmacy, Central Herbarium and Museum, and National Raw Drugs Repository (NRDR).

Source:  PIB

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Syllabus

• Mains – GS 2 (Governance)

Context: Recently, various companies such as HDFC Ergo, ICICI Lombard, Bajaj Allianz, and Tata AIG and public sector companies such as New India Assurance have launched its unmanned aircraft system insurance.

About Drone or Unmanned Aerial Vehicle:

• An unmanned aerial vehicle, commonly known as a drone, is an aircraft without any human pilot, crew or passengers on board.
• UAVs are a component of an unmanned aircraft system, which include additionally a ground-based controller and a system of communications with the UAV.
• Drones have been divided into five categories based on their weight (existing rules)-Nano : Less than or equal to 250 grams, Micro : From 250 grams to 2kg, Small : From 2 kg to 25kg, Medium : From 25kg to 150kg, Large : Greater than 150kg.

Drone market in India:

• India’s potential: Drones and allied component industries can boost India’s manufacturing potential by approximately $23 billion by 2030.
• Market size: India’s drone manufacturing industry crossed annual sales of Rs 60 crore in FY 2021 and is expected to grow to Rs 900 crore by FY 2024.

Highlights of the drone insurance policy:

• Regulation: Insurance players are now offering drone coverage within the framework set by the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI).
• Participants: It will cover large aircraft to solo flying gliders and also, it will be offered to drone owners, operators, and manufacturers.
• Third-party liability coverage: It will cover legal liabilities like bodily damage or property damage claims to third parties arising out of the usage and operation of drones.
• Policy coverage: The policy covers physical damage to the aircraft and its theft.
• It also provides cover for accidental physical injury to the third party and/or damage to their property due to the aircraft’s operations.
  • It is designed to cover fixed wing, rotor wing and hybrid UAS that can be controlled remotely (with pilot intervention) or autonomous drones (without pilot intervention).
  • These aircraft are generally deployed for military and non-military applications, including surveillance, geography and infrastructure inspections and aerial photography.
  • It will provide coverage for the replacement or repair, accidental loss of or damage to the UAS arising from the risks covered, including disappearance if the UAS is unreported after the commencement of Flight.

Regulations in the sector:

• Flying drones has been legalised in India since 2018. However, individuals need to take prior permission from civil aviation regulator DGCA to fly these remote-piloted aircraft.
• Nano drones, weighing less than 250 grams, have a permit exemption, subject to the condition they are flown at an altitude below 50 feet.
• The Director General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) initially offered coverage to drones within a visual line of sight (VLOS) and during the day.
• Later on the DGCA changed the guidelines to offer coverage beyond VLOS.
• DGCA mandates third-party liability insurance for all drone operators.
• Except in the nano category and micro category only for non-commercial use, all drone activities must be done only after receiving prior approval from the Digital Sky online platform for a flight or series of flights.
• Globally regulation: drones are classified as aircraft and aviation regulators have already stepped in to regulate the sector.
• The Government of India has brought in policies (Drone Policy 1.0 in 2018 and Drone Policy 2.0 in 2019) which made the DGCA to come out with Regulations Civil Aviation Regulation CAR 1.0 in 2018 and Draft Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems, 2020.

Application Areas of Drones:

• Aerial Photography: Drones are now being used to capture footage that would otherwise require expensive helicopters and cranes.
• Shipping And Delivery: Major companies like Amazon, UPS, and DHL are in favour of drone delivery.
  • Drones could save a lot of manpower and shift unnecessary road traffic to the sky. Recently Vaccines were delivered through drones.
• Search And Rescue: Presence of thermal sensors gives drones night vision and makes them a powerful tool for surveillance.
  • Drones are able to discover the location of lost persons and unfortunate victims, especially in harsh conditions or challenging terrains.
• Weather Forecast: Drones are being developed to monitor dangerous and unpredictable weather.
  • Since they are cheap and unmanned, drones can be sent into hurricanes and tornadoes, so that scientists and weather forecasters acquire new insights into their behavior and trajectory.
• Disaster Management: Drones provide quick means, after a natural or man-made disaster, to gather information and navigate debris and rubble to look for injured victims.
  • Its high definition cameras, sensors, radars and small size give rescue teams access to a higher field of view
• Precision Agriculture: The infrared sensors in drones can be tuned to detect crop health, enabling farmers to react and improve crop conditions locally, with inputs of fertilizer or insecticides.
• Geographic Mapping: Available to amateurs and professionals, drones can acquire very high-resolution data and download imagery in difficult to reach locations like coastlines, mountaintops, and islands.
• Law Enforcement: Drones are also used for maintaining the law. They help with the surveillance of large crowds and ensure public safety.

Risks associated with drone’s technology:

• The expected rise in the use of drones or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for a host of different applications may leave operators exposed to a whole new set of risks, including third-party damage or injury and liability.
• One of the biggest risks, it said, was from radio frequency interference, resulting in loss of control, and, in the worst cases, fatalities.
• With the ability to collect massive amounts of unsolicited data, UAVs present an enormous threat to individual privacy and a significant challenge for insurance carriers,
• The issue is the application of these vehicles in urban areas where the risk of damage to properties and individuals is much greater than it would be in rural parts.
• Use of drones by terrorists causes a disproportionate psychological effect on people as well as on security personnel.
  • Example recent attack on India’s air force station in Jammu.

Way Forward:

In order to achieve Atmanirbharta in the manufacturing sector there is a need for innovative and competitive manufacturing capabilities and a strong action plan to help India become a global hub for drone manufacturing by 2030. Need of the hour is to generate a strong demand, increasing manufacturing, drawing investments and facilitating exports. The government is carving out drone corridors to facilitate delivery of cargo deliveries.

About Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI):

• The Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI) is an autonomous and statutory body which is responsible for managing and regulating insurance and re-insurance industry in India.
• IRDAI is a 10-member body-
  • a chairman,
  • five full-time members and
  • four part-time members.
• It was constituted under an Act of Parliament in 1999.
• Headquarters:
• Role:
  • It has to protect the interests of insurance policy holders and ensure that they are treated in a just manner.
  • It also has to monitor policy issuers to ensure that the common man’s interests are not subverted.

Source: Indian Express

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Syllabus

• Mains – Science and Technology

Context:

• In early 2021, a team of Israeli scientists announced The Ramanujan Machine
• It is a software tool that creates mathematical conjectures i.e. equations without proof. Mathematicians then prove or disprove these conjectures, thereby establishing theorems.
• Conjectures in mathematics shed light on newer frontiers that otherwise lurk in tenebrous corners.
• Srinivasa Ramanujan was famous for such conjectures.

Srinivasa Ramanujan (1887-1920):

• Born in Erode, Tamil Nadu and died in Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu.
• In 1911 Ramanujan published the first of his papers in the Journal of the Indian Mathematical Society.
• In 1913 he began a correspondence with the British mathematician Godfrey H. Hardy which led to a special scholarship from the University of Madras and a grant from Trinity College, Cambridge.
• In 1918 he was elected to the Royal Society of London.
• First Indian to be elected a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge University.

Contributions to Mathematics:

• Conjectures – From 1904 till his passing in 1920, Ramanujan, recorded more than 3,000 equations that were mostly conjectures because he did not supply proof.
• Most of Ramanujan’s conjectures are correct as established by the proofs provided pari passu with their generalisation in the last 100 years.
• Game Theory: He discovered a long list of new ideas to solve many challenging mathematical problems, which gave a significant impetus to the development of game theory. His contribution to game theory is purely based on intuition and natural talent and remains unrivalled to this day.
• Ramanujan’s Book: One of Ramanujan’s notebooks was discovered by George Andrews in 1976 in the library at Trinity College.
• Hypergeometric series, the Riemann series, the elliptic integrals, mock theta function, the theory of divergent series, and the functional equations of the zeta function
• Formulas and Equations: Ramanujan compiled around 3,900 results consisting of equations and identities. One of his most treasured findings was his infinite series for Pi.

Applications of Ramanujan’s work:

• Artificial Intelligence(AI)– AI makes things happen faster because they imitate cogitation.

• Due to findings of infinite series like fundamental constants of Pi – the artificial intelligence machines can lead to more frequent mathematical advancements.

• “Invincible originality” – Ramanujan could connect different mathematical domains deeply, leading to remarkable technological applications.
• Encryption – He developed certain equations called class invariants which generate elliptic curves suitable for encryption and this led to Elliptic Curve Cryptography

• It is an efficient cryptographic technique, in 1985 to make computer network communications secure.

• Discovery of mock-theta functions–  Ramanujan might have discovered it by starting from hypergeometric series whose consecutive terms form ratios that follow a pattern.

AI- enabled technologies:

• Latest advancements in AI technology have attempted to “create”, mimicking human intelligence, such as:-
• ChatGPT (Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer) is a software tool that can answer questions on almost any topic, carry on conversations with humans, write poems, computer programs and perform many more complex tasks that require intelligence.
• Google’s LaMDA (Language Model for Dialogue Applications) that is similar to ChatGPT and other sophisticated products (Dall E) that can create image from verbal descriptions.
• Industrial Metaverse – Digitalizing processes of frontline workers, estimated to make up about 80% of the global workforce, have just started and there is enormous potential in the same.
• Augmented Reality/Mixed Reality – By linking these devices to data and workflows, industrial enterprises can create a new platform built around the needs of shopfloor workers.

Indian initiatives on AI:

• National Task force on Artificial Intelligence 2017 launched to explore possibilities to leverage AI for development across various fields.
• NITI Aayog’s  ‘National strategy for Artificial Intelligence’ identifies five core areas for application of artificial intelligence
• The PM-STIAC’s Artificial Intelligence (AI) mission 2018 focuses on efforts that will benefit India in addressing societal needs in areas such as healthcare, education, agriculture, smart cities and infrastructure, including smart mobility and transportation, academia-industry interactions on developing core research capability – creation of new knowledge and in developing and deploying applications.
• Centre of Excellence in Artificial Intelligence (CoE in AI) has been established by National Informatics Centre (NIC) in 2019.

Way forward:

• AI is playing an integral role in transforming the way businesses have been conducting operations across numerous industries.
• The pandemic and remote working models have pushed companies to embrace using remote experts to create genuinely seamless end-to-end customer experiences, as 80 per cent are deskless workers.
• #AIforAll will aim at enhancing and empowering human capabilities to address the challenges of access, affordability, shortage and inconsistency of skilled expertise and technology leadership for achieving the greater good.

Source: The Hindu

Syllabus

• GS-2: India and its neighbourhood
• GS-3: Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, development and employment.

Context: Bangladesh reached out to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) seeking help. According to an IMF press release, Bangladesh will receive economic assistance worth $4.5 billion (around Rs 37,000 crore).

• This is a significant reversal for an economy that overtook India’s in terms of per capita income in 2020.

Read Complete Details on Bangladesh’s Economic Distress and IMF

Q.1) With reference to AMRUT scheme, consider the following statements:

1. It is the flagship scheme of the Ministry of Jal Shakti.
2. It, among other things will also focus on circular economy and water security.
3. It covers only 500 cities of the country.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1. 1 and 3 only
2. 2 only
3. 2 and 3 only
4. 1, 2, and 3

Q.2) With reference to TULIP scheme, consider the following statements:

1. It is a scheme under the Ministry of Education.
2. Under the scheme, `Vulnerability Atlas of India’ has been released by the Ministry of Education

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2

Q.3) Consider the following statements regarding Pradhan Mantri JI-VAN yojana:

1. It aims to establish commercially viable projects for 2G Ethanol production.
2. It will support Swaccha Bharat Mission by supporting the aggregation of non-food biofuel feedstocks such as waste biomass and urban waste.
3. Centre for High Technology (CHT), a technical body under the aegis of Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, will be the implementation Agency for the scheme.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

1. 1 and 2 only
2. 2 and 3 only
3. 1 and 3 only
4. 1 2 and 3

Comment the answers to the above questions in the comment section below!!

ANSWERS FOR ’ 23rd December 2022 – Daily Practice MCQs’ will be updated along with tomorrow’s Daily Current Affairs.st

Q.1) – b

Q.2) – d

Q.3) – c